ابراهیم
بیگ زاده
استاد و مدیر گروه حقوق بین الملل و عمومی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
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2014
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The ‘duty to extradite or prosecute’ refers to the requirement placed on theState where an accused of international crimes was arrested either toprosecute the accused in its own domestic courts or to extradite him or her tothe State which has requested their extradition. There is no doubt about thetreaty-based nature of this obligation, but there exist huge controversies onwhether such an obligation is customary or not. Some consider it merely as atreaty rule while, in contrast, some others deem it not only to be a customaryrule but a jus cogens obligation on the grounds of international crime. Ofcourse, there are paradoxical measures in States practice regarding theapplication of this duty. Nevertheless, the increasing number of treaties thatcontain such an obligation, acceptance of this obligation by various States,and the broadening of state measures to perform it, are all indicative ofpreparing the ground for this obligation to become a customary rule.Moreover, this obligation was set forth before the International Court ofJustice in the Lockerbie Case in 1992 and Belgium against Senegal Case(aut dedere aut judicare) in 2009. The World Court’s judgment in 20 July2012 will play a major role in the development of this rule in InternationalCriminal Law.Keywords:Custom, Extradition, Prosecution, International crimes, International Courtof Justice, Crimes against humanity, War crimes, International obligation,Criminal jurisdiction, Criminal punishment, Convention against Torture
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
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66
no.
2014
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https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56317_4a7262300c21e24b5f6fd0f3b2d5e282.pdf
حسن
بادینی
دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران
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علی
اسلامی فارسانی
دانش آموخته دوره دکتری حقوق خصوصی از دانشگاه تهران
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2014
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With regard to the huge damages from driving accidents in Iran, a loggedremedy to the losses of these accidents has a great importance. For thispurpose, when legislators approved the mandatory Insurance Act forterrestrial motorized vehicle holders against third parties in 1387, they hasresort to two solutions for facilitating redress of losses from these accidents:(1) requiring insurance for terrestrial motorized vehicles; and (2) theestablishment of the Fund of Providing Corporeal Damages. These twosolutions were in parallel with each other but not of the same extent; redressby way of the Fund is when, for whatever reason, payment of damagesthrough an insurer is not possible. This essay seeks to investigate the basicsand nature of the Fund, the limitation of obligation and the requirements fordamages compensable by the Fund in order to form a descriptive andanalytic examination and offer suggestions for the removal barriersalongside indication of present problems.Keywords:Corporeal damage, Mandatory liability insurance, Motor accidents,Distributive justice, Equity.
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
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66
no.
2014
31
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https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56318_d5f6f00355043ca1ca027d2ae2dea436.pdf
The Constitution of any country is its most important legal document.
علی اکبر
گرجی
دانشیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
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2014
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The Constitution of any country is its most important legal document. Afterthe Islamic Revolution and the overthrow of the dictatorial regime in Iranand following the establishment of a modern and popular system, the IslamicRepublic was established which required a strategic and binding document,namely the Constitution. For the codification of this document, people andparties have decided to participate in the approval of a fundamentaldocument. From the earliest development of Constitution until approval ofthe Assembly of Experts and its validation by Referendum, this article showswhich contributions by individuals, political parties and groups had beeninfluential. The final impact was felt in the Review step and the current textof the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran resulted from thosedebates and decisions. During that decade, the extent of certain groups hadbecome less while that of special groups had become greater. In the processof their removal, parties, groups and individuals often played a key role.Finally, during this Review, there was controversy among the Islamic andReligious groups who had not previous had such disputes and multipleviews. As a comprehensive document, the Constitution protects the rights ofall people in the country with their diversity of views and ideas. Hence, thetranscendent dignity of such a document is beyond the political intentions ofany particular group or party. In this paper, we consider how many politicalgroups are trying to follow this degree of the principle of non-discriminationin order to protect the rights of the nation. For consistency, the contents ofpresent essay are divided into three sections, related to the time and the roleof different individuals and groups involved in the formation of currentConstitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.Keywords: Constitution, Draft Constitution, Political participation, Expertsof Constitution Assembly, Political parties.
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
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66
no.
2014
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https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56319_ce7d1986af9f2306febce8115059ab28.pdf
Arbitratide judicial organizations, are the investigativeauthority into claims in the most legalion i
همایون
مافی
دانشیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه مازندران
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2014
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Arbitratide judicial organizations, are the investigativeauthority into claims in the most legalion institutions, alongs systems. In some countries, ajudgment made on the investigator’s authority into a claim has noresponsibility for compensating the parties' loss, whether limited or absolute.According to Principle 171 of Iran's Constitution, if a judge causes a loss toa litigant and it is due to the neglect or mistake of the judge, there is noresponsibility for compensation. If the loss has been caused with the judge'sintention and is deliberate, civil responsibility would without question beimposed on him. Now that arbitrators like the judges investigate the claim,are they also placed under the terms of Principle number 171 or vice versa?In this essay we discuss how judges have civil responsibility for the lossessustained by Parties to a claim and under what circumstances they are notliable under Principle 171. Therefore the scope of the judge's responsibilitycontains a specified aspect and it is different from that under the generalrules of civil liability.Keywords:Arbitrator, Civil, Loss, Claim.
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
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66
no.
2014
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https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56320_494107f8487ac908cd235bc5c64004d2.pdf
In December 2008, the United Nations adopted the Convention
حسین
سیمایی صرّاف
عضو هیات علمی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
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2014
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In December 2008, the United Nations adopted the Convention on Contractsfor the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, known asthe “Rotterdam Rules”. If this Convention becomes universally accepted, thecarrier’s liability will increase, their immunity on the basis of the nauticalfault exception (neglect or fault in the navigation, or management of theship) will be eliminated, and their due diligence obligations will not berestricted to the period before and at the beginning of the voyage, but willalso be an obligation throughout the whole of voyage. Also, by introducingthe idea of a “maritime performing party” in the Convention, the number ofpeople on whom these obligations and liabilities would be imposed will beincreased. In sum, by analysis of the Convention and, in particular ChapterIV which is the main subject of this research, we can conclude and proposeto our domestic legislators that there is a level of balance between theliabilities of the carriers and those of the shippers: Contrary to the previousconventions, the Rotterdam Rules are not merely in favor of the shipper orthe carrier but, in fact, accepting this convention will provide a win-winoutcome for all countries.Keywords:Rotterdam Convention, Liabilities of the carrier, Maritime Act of Iran,Hague Rules, Homburg Convention.
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
v.
66
no.
2014
113
144
https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56321_e50cf8512400209b0e343cdcbed3cbac.pdf
Proportionality was created as a general principle
محمدحسین
زارعی
عضو هیات علمی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
مهدی
مرادی برلیان
دانشجوی دوره دکتری حقوق عمومی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
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2014
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Proportionality was created as a general principle of law in modern legalsystems following the idea that citizens should be protected againstGovernment and that the regulatory interventions of Government should beproportionate to the desired goals. This principle was recognized for firsttime in the German legal system and then developed, as a ground of reviewof governmental actions, with the expansion of administrative discretion.Although the principle of proportionality has not been reflected in the EUtreaties clearly, it has been recognized as a principle of EuropeanCommunity law since the 1950s and was applied in a review of EUinstitutions and Member states actions by the EU courts. On this basis, inthis research the concept and status of the principle of proportionality inAdministrative Law is examined with regard to the legal systems ofGermany, France and UK and, then, the status of this principle within theEU legal system will be examined in more detail.Keywords:Proportionality, Administrative discretion, Judicial review, Public ends,European Union.
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
v.
66
no.
2014
145
183
https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56322_869d432cb6e3a14b29ab93977fb31e08.pdf
AbsractShi’a Jurisprudence has had a high position in the interpretation
سیدمحمداسماعیل
سیدهاشمی
استادیار دانشکده الهیات و ادیان دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
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2014
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AbsractShi’a Jurisprudence has had a high position in the interpretation andexplanation of divine commandments from the distant past and hascontinuously proved its competency in providing solutions based on logic,knowledge and religion. Nowadays, because of the high number of familydisputes, Iranian courts actually pay less attention to legal nature of familyissues. This paper attempts to investigate the legal character of three essentialfamily issues: parental tutelage, alimony and the revocation of divorce. Hence,we will study the “right” and the “rule” and their consequences according tolawyers’ and Islamic Jurists’ views, mention some viewpoints both againstand in favor of these consequences, compare them, and finally evaluatewhether parental tutelage, alimony and the revocation of divorce are in fact“rights” or “rules”.Keywords:Right, Role, Parental Tutelage, Alimony, Revocation from Divorce
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
v.
66
no.
2014
185
209
https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56323_e32e58480fe0fd3f9a56def11ac97bdc.pdf
رجب
گلدوست جویباری
استادیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
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2014
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According to Article 156(5) of the Iranian Constitution, the prevention ofcrime by appropriate means is a duty of the Judiciary Power. It is obviousthat the Judiciary alone, without the cooperation of the other Powers, willnot succeed in fulfilling this significant duty. This, therefore, requiresconsistency and integration between the Judiciary and the other Powers,planning and determining the nature of this link, along with preparing themethods and models of cooperation and its appropriate instruments.However, the Judiciary, within its own framework, needs to provideappropriate weapons in order to prevent crime as effectively as possible. TheChief Prosecutor, as the chief of the Prosecution Service can play asignificant role in making operational this task of the Judiciary. In this paper,an attempt is made to explain and analyse this organizational role of theProsecutor, as much as possible, by making frequent reference to the factthat, for the purpose of crime prevention, the prosecutor is a member ofdifferent state organizations and institutions such as the Community Watchand Prevention Headquarters, the Prevention and Combating SpecificCrimes Headquarters and the Council for the Preservation of State Assets inrelation to Public Property and Natural Resources.Keywords:Prosecutor, Prevention of Crime, Situational Crime Prevention, OrganizationalPrevention, Criminality, Delinquency.
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
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66
no.
2014
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https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56324_5db3ad7ceee9d69806db70490ec0579f.pdf
فرزندخوانده نیز، رویکرد شارع نسبت به افراد حاضر در نهادهای «شبه خانواده» یعنی: «پسرِ شوهر»، «ربیبه» و «فرزند رضاعی» را مبنا قرار میدهد.
صادق
شریعتی نسب
دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران
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2014
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The matter of a ‘prohibition of marriage’ (mahramiiat) between an adopteeand their adoptive family, before becoming and further to being a legalquestion, is an object of both moral and religious investigation. As aconsequence, any society has own orientation concerning its religious andmoral bases in this context. In Islam, it has been stated that the causes for theprohibition of marriage are limited to lineage (nasab), cause (sabab) andfostering (rezae). The principle, then, is one of authorization and marriage ispermitted insofar as there is no contradictory reason and, as a result,adoption has no effect in this matter. Nevertheless, consideration of thesocial aspect of legal institutions requires a perennial interaction betweentheir functions (and effects) and time-and-place circumstances. So, in orderto gather a dynamic and updated law we must, on the one hand, understandthe function and coordinates of an institution while, on the other, it isnecessary to refer to the roots and bases of religious regulations. This articleattempts to pursue the aforementioned prescription with regard to aprohibition of marriage in adoption: it regards adoption in the current Iraniansociety as based on the ‘family’, and in order to analyze the adoptee’ssituation, it proposes a solution based on the situation of present individualswithin ‘quasi family’ institutions, namely that of ‘husband’s son of’, ‘wife’sdaughter’ (rabibeh) and ‘foster child’.Keywords:Adoption, Prohibition of marriage, Step-mother, Wife’s daughter, Fosterchild
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
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66
no.
2014
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https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56325_024e6961ba6e99329d42c0faae27496a.pdf
RésuméA la différence du Code civil français qui distingue entre l’indivision,
سیدعباس
سیدی آرانی
مدرس دانشگاه الزهرا و دانشگاه کاشان
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2014
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RésuméA la différence du Code civil français qui distingue entre l’indivision, qui estune modalité du droit de propriété, et la société, qui est un contrat spécial, ily a, à notre sens, une quasi-confusion entre les deux notions en droit iranien.En effet, les dispositions du Code civil iranien dans la position de définir lasociété donnent la définition de l’indivision. Après avoir constaté cettequasi-confusion, nous nous trouverons dans la nécessité de distinguer et deréorganiser les concepts. Or la distinction entre l’indivision et la société sepose en termes d’opposition et de concurrence. D’un côté, il faut constaterque cette particularité du droit iranien, au moins lorsque la source est forcée,s’oppose à la société du droit français. En effet, l’aspect individualiste decette institution du Code civil iranien, dans chaque étape de son existence,est évident. C’est ainsi que nous avons vu une différence trait pour trait entre, qui estune modalité du droit de propriété, et la société, qui est un contrat spécial, ily a, à notre sens, une quasi-confusion entre les deux notions en droit iranien.En effet, les dispositions du Code civil iranien dans la position de définir lasociété donnent la définition de l’indivision. Après avoir constaté cettequasi-confusion, nous nous trouverons dans la nécessité de distinguer et deréorganiser les concepts. Or la distinction entre l’indivision et la société sepose en termes d’opposition et de concurrence. D’un côté, il faut constaterque cette particularité du droit iranien, au moins lorsque la source est forcée,s’oppose à la société du droit français. En effet, l’aspect individualiste decette institution du Code civil iranien, dans chaque étape de son existence,est évident. C’est ainsi que nous avons vu une différence trait pour trait entre
Legal Research Quarterly
Shahid Beheshti University
1024-0772
17
v.
66
no.
2014
255
283
https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_56326_2d9689c62cabf4b66d344a15adae7dce.pdf