Considering applicability of International Humanitarian Law to Transnational Armed Groups

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 phd.diss.Dpartement of law,QomBranch,Islamic Azad, University,Iran.

2 Associated Prof. in International Law, Hazrate Masoumeh University, Qom.

10.29252/jlr.2021.222104.1918

Abstract

Placing States military confrontation against Transnational Non- state Armed Groups in area of Non-international Armed Conflicts and the principle of equity of belligerents, have been caused applying of International Humanitarian Law to members of such Groups is being faced with fundamental problems. By considering the existing shortcomings and gaps, this question arises that is it possible to apply these principles and rules fully to Transnational Non-state Armed Groups? Or, in spite of this fact that the rules and principles of International Humanitarian Law have been prepared and edited by States, it is needed to find a new solution through preparing and formulating amending regulations for more coverage of such groups. Accordingly, by identifying strengths and weaknesses of International Humanitarian Law through analyzing and description of library information and documents, we would like to determine the amount of supportive coverage, advantages and disadvantages of this law when encountering with Transnational Non-state Armed Groups

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. BOOKS:

    1. College of Europe, Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism and International Humanitarian Law, (2017), Sassoli Marco, "Legal Qualification of the Fight against Terrorism", 17th Bruges Colloquium on Terrorism, Brussels: 20-21 October 2016, No. 47, ICRC, pp 41-55, 208 p.

     

    1. Enders W. and Sandler T., The Political Economy of Terrorism, 2nd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012, 383 p.

     

    1. Lubell N., Extraterritorial Use of Force against Non-State Actors, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 320 p.

     

    1. Sassòli M. and Bouvier A., How Does Law Protect in War? 2nd ed., Geneva: ICRC, 2006, 401 p.

     

    1. Sivakumaran S., The Law of Non-International Conflicts, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012, 619 P.

     

    1. Zegveld L., Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 242 p.

     

    Articles:

    1. Boreli S., "Casting Light on the Legal Black Hole, International Law and Detentions Abroad in the “War on Terror”", International Review of Red Cross, No. 857,2005, Vol. 87: 39-68.

     

    1. Jinkst D., "September 11 and the Laws of War", The Yale Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 28: 1-49.

     

    1. Gaggioli G., "Targeting Individuals Belonging to an Armed Group", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2018, Vol. 51: 900-916.
    2. Graham D. E., "Defining Non-International Armed Conflict: A Historically Difficult Task", U. S Naval War College, International Law Studies, 2012, Vol, 88:43-55.
    3. Kelley M., "Challenges to Compliance with International Humanitarian Law in the Context of Contemporary Warfare", SIT Study Abroad, Independent Study Project (ISP), Collection 1618, 2013. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1618

     

    1. Lubell N., "The War against Al-Qaeda, In International Law and the Classification of Conflicts (edited by Elizabeth Wilmshurst)", Oxford University Press, UK, 2012, 421-454.

     

    1. Montgomery D., “Geneva Convention’s Gentility; Treaty Stresses Civil Treatment of Prisoners”, Washington Post, 2002.

     

    1. Paulus A. and Vashakmadze M., "Asymmetrical war and the notion of armed conflict–a tentative conceptualization", International Review of the Red Cross, No. 873, 2009, Vol. 91: 95-125.

     

    1. Pejic J., "The Protective scope of Common Article 3: More than Meets the Eye", International Review of the Red Cross, No. 883, 2011, Vol. 93: 189-225.

     

    1. Rona G., "Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the “War on Terror”", The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 2003, Vol. 27: 55-74.

     

    1. Sandler T., "Terrorism and Counter Terrorism: an Overview", Oxford Economic Paper, Issue: 1, 2015, Vol. 67: 1-20.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "The Status of Persons Held in Guantánamo under International Humanitarian Law", Journal of International Criminal Justice (JICJ), Oxford University Press, Issue 1, 2004, Vol. 2: 96-106.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "Terrorism and War", Journal of International Criminal Justice (JLCJ), Oxford University Press, 2006, Vol. 4: 959-981.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "Transnational Armed Groups and International Humanitarian Law", Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University, Occasional Paper Series, Number 6, 2006 (Winter), 45 p.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "Introducing a Sliding-Scale of Obligation to address the Fundamental Inequity between Armed Groups and States?", International Review of Red Cross, 2011, Vol. 93:426-431.

     

    1. Shereshevsky Y., "Plotics by Other Means: The Battle over the Classification of Asymmetrical Conflicts", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2016, Vol. 49:455-497.

     

    1. Sivakumaran S., "Re-envisaging the International Law of Internal Armed Conflict", EUR. J. INT’L L., 2011 Vol. 22: 219-264.

     

    1. Vashakmadze M., "The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to “Transnational” Armed Conflicts", European University Institute (EUI), 2009, Working Paper, No. 34, 7 p.

     

    Seminars:

     

    1. Eric A. Heinze, "Non-State Actors and the Evolution of the law of Armed Conflict", paper presented for presentation at the International studies Association Annual Meeting, New York: 2009.

     

    1. Jayasekera K., "Identification of Non-State Armed Groups in Non-International Armed Conflicts: A Legal Analysis", Proceeding of 8th International Research Conference, KDU, 2015: 209-214.

     

    1. ICRC, "Report on the International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts", 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.

     

    1. Seminar on “International Humanitarian Law and Terrorism”, organized by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in Co- operation with the George C. Marshal Center, Sanremo, 2002: 24-26 October.

     

    1. Seminar on "Terrorism and International Law: Challenges and Responses", “Meeting of Independent Experts on Terrorism and International Law, Sanremo, 2002: 1st January- 30 May.

     

    Thesises:

     

    1. Brennan A. M., "Investing the Accountability of Transnational Armed Group under International Law for Armed Attacks", PhD. Thesis, University College Cork (UCC), Department and Faculty of Law, Ireland, 2011.

     

    1. Chavia A., "Forgotten Victims of Armed Conflict: Challenges Faced By Persons with Disabilities", JAMM07, Master Thesis, Faculty of Law Lund University, 2017.

     

    1. Wabuyabo J. A., "Humanitarian Law and the War against International Terrorism: Challenges and Opportunities since September 11, 2001", Degree of Masters of Law, School of Law, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 2008.

     

    Sits:

     

    1. British Defense Secretary John Reid in a speech of April 3, at Banqueting House, Royal Palace of Whitehall, 2006. Available online at www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/People/Speeches/SofS/20thcenturyRules21stc (last visited October 16th, 2020)

     

     

    1. Entury Conflict. htm; certain remarks of US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld at a press conference of February 8, 2002. Available online at www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2002/t02082002_t0208sd.html

     

     

    1. ICRC, 28th International Conference, (2003). Available on http://www.icrc.org (last visited October 16th, 2020)

     

     

     

    1. George W. Bush, Humane treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda detainees, 7 February 2002, available at www.pegc.us/archive/White_House/bush_memo_20020207_ed.

    pdf (last visited October 5th, 2020).

     

    1. Saul B., Terrorism and International Humanitarian Law, University of Sydney, Sydney Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 14/16, 2014. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2394300 (last visited July 11th, 2020)

     

     

     

    1. White House, "Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer" of January 28, (2002). available online at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020128‐11.html (last visited July 16th, 2020)

     

     

    1. College of Europe, Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism and International Humanitarian Law, (2017), Sassoli Marco, "Legal Qualification of the Fight against Terrorism", 17th Bruges Colloquium on Terrorism, Brussels: 20-21 October 2016, No. 47, ICRC, pp 41-55, 208 p.

     

    1. Enders W. and Sandler T., The Political Economy of Terrorism, 2nd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012, 383 p.

     

    1. Lubell N., Extraterritorial Use of Force against Non-State Actors, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 320 p.

     

    1. Sassòli M. and Bouvier A., How Does Law Protect in War? 2nd ed., Geneva: ICRC, 2006, 401 p.

     

    1. Sivakumaran S., The Law of Non-International Conflicts, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012, 619 P.

     

    1. Zegveld L., Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 242 p.

     

    Articles:

    1. Boreli S., "Casting Light on the Legal Black Hole, International Law and Detentions Abroad in the “War on Terror”", International Review of Red Cross, No. 857,2005, Vol. 87: 39-68.

     

    1. Jinkst D., "September 11 and the Laws of War", The Yale Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 28: 1-49.

     

    1. Gaggioli G., "Targeting Individuals Belonging to an Armed Group", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2018, Vol. 51: 900-916.
    2. Graham D. E., "Defining Non-International Armed Conflict: A Historically Difficult Task", U. S Naval War College, International Law Studies, 2012, Vol, 88:43-55.
    3. Kelley M., "Challenges to Compliance with International Humanitarian Law in the Context of Contemporary Warfare", SIT Study Abroad, Independent Study Project (ISP), Collection 1618, 2013. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1618

     

    1. Lubell N., "The War against Al-Qaeda, In International Law and the Classification of Conflicts (edited by Elizabeth Wilmshurst)", Oxford University Press, UK, 2012, 421-454.

     

    1. Montgomery D., “Geneva Convention’s Gentility; Treaty Stresses Civil Treatment of Prisoners”, Washington Post, 2002.

     

    1. Paulus A. and Vashakmadze M., "Asymmetrical war and the notion of armed conflict–a tentative conceptualization", International Review of the Red Cross, No. 873, 2009, Vol. 91: 95-125.

     

    1. Pejic J., "The Protective scope of Common Article 3: More than Meets the Eye", International Review of the Red Cross, No. 883, 2011, Vol. 93: 189-225.

     

    1. Rona G., "Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the “War on Terror”", The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 2003, Vol. 27: 55-74.

     

    1. Sandler T., "Terrorism and Counter Terrorism: an Overview", Oxford Economic Paper, Issue: 1, 2015, Vol. 67: 1-20.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "The Status of Persons Held in Guantánamo under International Humanitarian Law", Journal of International Criminal Justice (JICJ), Oxford University Press, Issue 1, 2004, Vol. 2: 96-106.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "Terrorism and War", Journal of International Criminal Justice (JLCJ), Oxford University Press, 2006, Vol. 4: 959-981.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "Transnational Armed Groups and International Humanitarian Law", Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University, Occasional Paper Series, Number 6, 2006 (Winter), 45 p.

     

    1. Sassoli M., "Introducing a Sliding-Scale of Obligation to address the Fundamental Inequity between Armed Groups and States?", International Review of Red Cross, 2011, Vol. 93:426-431.

     

    1. Shereshevsky Y., "Plotics by Other Means: The Battle over the Classification of Asymmetrical Conflicts", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2016, Vol. 49:455-497.

     

    1. Sivakumaran S., "Re-envisaging the International Law of Internal Armed Conflict", EUR. J. INT’L L., 2011 Vol. 22: 219-264.

     

    1. Vashakmadze M., "The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to “Transnational” Armed Conflicts", European University Institute (EUI), 2009, Working Paper, No. 34, 7 p.

     

    Seminars:

     

    1. Eric A. Heinze, "Non-State Actors and the Evolution of the law of Armed Conflict", paper presented for presentation at the International studies Association Annual Meeting, New York: 2009.

     

    1. Jayasekera K., "Identification of Non-State Armed Groups in Non-International Armed Conflicts: A Legal Analysis", Proceeding of 8th International Research Conference, KDU, 2015: 209-214.

     

    1. ICRC, "Report on the International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts", 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.

     

    1. Seminar on “International Humanitarian Law and Terrorism”, organized by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in Co- operation with the George C. Marshal Center, Sanremo, 2002: 24-26 October.

     

    1. Seminar on "Terrorism and International Law: Challenges and Responses", “Meeting of Independent Experts on Terrorism and International Law, Sanremo, 2002: 1st January- 30 May.

     

    Thesises:

     

    1. Brennan A. M., "Investing the Accountability of Transnational Armed Group under International Law for Armed Attacks", PhD. Thesis, University College Cork (UCC), Department and Faculty of Law, Ireland, 2011.

     

    1. Chavia A., "Forgotten Victims of Armed Conflict: Challenges Faced By Persons with Disabilities", JAMM07, Master Thesis, Faculty of Law Lund University, 2017.

     

    1. Wabuyabo J. A., "Humanitarian Law and the War against International Terrorism: Challenges and Opportunities since September 11, 2001", Degree of Masters of Law, School of Law, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 2008.

     

    Sits:

     

    1. British Defense Secretary John Reid in a speech of April 3, at Banqueting House, Royal Palace of Whitehall, 2006. Available online at www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/People/Speeches/SofS/20thcenturyRules21stc (last visited October 16th, 2020)

     

     

    1. Entury Conflict. htm; certain remarks of US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld at a press conference of February 8, 2002. Available online at www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2002/t02082002_t0208sd.html

     

     

    1. ICRC, 28th International Conference, (2003). Available on http://www.icrc.org (last visited October 16th, 2020)

     

     

     

    1. George W. Bush, Humane treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda detainees, 7 February 2002, available at www.pegc.us/archive/White_House/bush_memo_20020207_ed.

    pdf (last visited October 5th, 2020).

     

    1. Saul B., Terrorism and International Humanitarian Law, University of Sydney, Sydney Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 14/16, 2014. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2394300 (last visited July 11th, 2020)

     

     

     

    1. White House, "Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer" of January 28, (2002). available online at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020128‐11.html (last visited July 16th, 2020)

     

     

Legal Research Quarterly
Volume 25, Issue 99 - Serial Number 99
December 2022
Pages 183-207

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 26 May 2021
  • Revise Date: 04 July 2021
  • Accept Date: 10 July 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics