freedom of expression and incitement to racial discrimination

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 دانشگاه بهشتی

2 master of human rights law, Shahid beheshti university, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Incitement to racial discrimination is a conflict point between freedom of expression and principle of non-discrimination which both are the main core of international human rights law. Principle of non-discrimination is fundamental in human rights law and any form of discrimination including racial discrimination effects enjoyment and fulfilment of all human rights. Historical experiences including world war 2 shows that incitement to racial discrimination creates a proper atmosphere to commit crime against racial groups. Freedom of expression is also a fundamental right and plays a key role in finding the truth, public partnership and enhancing tolerance. Although it is not an absolute right and it can be a subject of some limitation in certain circumstances. Incitement to racial discrimination is a legitimate limitation of freedom of expression which is prohibited in International Convention on Elimination of All Form of Racial Discrimination (1965). This convention asks state parties to criminalize incitement to racial discrimination in their domestic law. This article studies conditions of realization of incitement to racial discrimination and the way which these expressions must be limited. The main question is that how and up to what point prohibition of incitement to racial discrimination can limit freedom of expression. Due to importance of freedom of information and preventing unproportioned limitation of freedom of expression, there should be accurate criteria for limiting expressions. Although CRC committee tried to introduce criteria for incitement to racial discrimination, they are not accurate. Expansion of race phenomenon made it difficult to distinguish these expressions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. منابع:

    الف. منابع فارسی:

    1. کتاب:

    - هاشمی، سیدمحمد، حقوق بشر و آزادی‌های اساسی، تهران: نشر میزان،1384

          - قاری سیدفاطمی، سیدمحمد، حقوق بشر در جهان معاصر، دفتر دوم، تهران: انتشارات شهر دانش، ۱۳۸۹

     

    ب. منابع انگلیسی:

    1. Articles:

    -          Article 19, “Prohibiting incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence”, policy brief, 2012

    -          Ghanea, Nazila, The Concept of Racist Hate Speech and its Evolution over time, 2012

    -          Marks, Jonathan, Race: Past, present and future, Chapter 1 In: Koenig, Barbara; Soo-Jin Lee, Sandra; Richardson, Sarah S., Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age, 2008, Rutgers University Press

    -          Smedley, A., “Race in North America: origin and evolution of a worldview”, 1999, Boulder: Westview Press

    -          Thornberry, Patrick, “Forms of Hate Speech and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)”, Religion and Human Rights 5, 2010

    -          Wade, peter, “Human nature and race”, Anthropological Theory, Vol 4(2): 157–172, SAGE Publications

     

    1. Cases:

    -          Ahmed Farah Jama v. Denmark, committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Communication No. 41/2008, CERD/C/75/D/41/2008

    -          Individual opinion of Committee member Mr. Carlos Manuel Vazquez, CERD Comittee, Communication No. 48/2010, CERD/C/82/3

    -          Kamal Quereshi v. Denmark, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Communication No 27/2002, CERD/C/63/D/27/2002

    -          Mahali Dawas and Yousef Shava v. Denmark, CERD Committee, Communication No. 46/2009, CERD/C/80/D/46/2009

    -          Mohammed Hassan Gelle v. Denmark, CERD Committee, Communication No. 34/2004, CERD/C/68/D/34/2004

    -          P.S.N v. Denmark, CERD Committee, Communication No. 36/2006, CERD/C/71/D/36/2006

    -          TBB-Turkish Union in Berlin/Brandenburg v. Germany, CERD Committee, Communication No. 48/2010, CERD/C/82/D/48/2010

    -          The Jewish community of Oslo and Others v. Norway, CERD Committee, Communication No. 30/2003, CERD/C/67/D/30/2003

    -          Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma et al v. Germany, CERD Committee, Communication No. 38/2006, CERD/C/72/D/38/2006

     

    1. General Recommendatios:

    -          General recommendation XXIX on article 1 paragraph 1 of the Convention (Descent), CERD Committee, 2002, preamble

    -          General recommendation No. 32: The meaning and scope of special measures, CERD Committee, 2009, CERD/C/GC/32

    -          General recommendation No. 35: Combating racist hate speech, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD Committee), CERD/C/GC/35, 2013

    -          General recommendation XXII on article 5 of the Convention on refugees and displaced persons, CERD Committee 1996.

    -          General recommendation XXIII on the rights of indigenous peoples, CERD Committee, 1997.

    -          General recommendation XXIV concerning article 1 of the Convention, 1999

    -          General recommendation XXIX on article 1 paragraph 1 of the Convention (Descent), CERD Committee, 2002

    -          General recommendation XXV: gender-related dimensions of racial discrimination, CERD Committee, 2000

    -          General recommendation XXVII on discrimination against Roma, CERD Committee, 2000.

    -          General recommendation XXVIII on the follow-up to the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, CERD Committee, 2002.

    -          General recommendation XXX on discrimination against non-citizens, CERD Committee ,2005

    -          Thematic discussion on racist hate speech, CERD Committee, 2012, CERD/C/SR.2196

     

    1. Reports:

    -          Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, UNGA 67th session, A/67/357, September 2012

    -          UN General Assembly 20th Session Official Record, 1406th plenary Meeting, 21 Dec 1965, A/PV.1406

    1. Websites:

    -          http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Courses/SE302/RaceLecture.html (may 1,2017)

    -          https://anthropology.net/2008/06/30/the-concept-of-race (may1,2017)

    -          www.racism.org(may,2017)

     

Legal Research Quarterly
Volume 23, Issue 91 - Serial Number 91
December 2020
Pages 161-184

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History

  • Receive Date: 01 June 2019
  • Revise Date: 06 July 2020
  • Accept Date: 08 July 2020

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