Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law & Political Science, kharazmi University, Tehran,
2
. Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Judicial Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
P.h.d., Faculty of Law & Political Science, kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding Author Email: std_ghamami@khu.ac.ir.
Abstract
Economic violence against women is one of the issues that has recently been highlighted in international law. International institutions have defined and determined relevant strategic laws on this issue and have developed a comprehensive legal framework for all countries by preparing and approving a set of documents and policies. The majority of international documents, research and articles regarding gender-based violence have focused on physical, sexual and psychological violence, and economic violence against women has been less discussed and examined in the literature of Iran and international law. However, these documents have designed a coherent set of definitions and measures to combat economic violence so that all countries can comprehensively reflect and implement these policies in their legal systems. Since the founding of the United Nations on October 24, 1945, promoting women's rights and creating an equal space for them has been on the agenda of the United Nations. The UN Center for Ending Violence against Women initially defined economic violence against women as the restriction of access to financial resources by a partner; however, this definition has been expanded to include any restriction that prevents economic gain or leads to economic harm, such as restricting access to financial resources, education, labor markets, and health care services. The importance of this phenomenon - economic violence against women- and its adverse consequences led to the adoption of various measures at the international level to prevent and combat it. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women adopted in 1979, the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women in 1993, the Beijing Platform for Action, the outcome of the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, and the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 are also among the most important documents in combating economic violence against women. These documents include measures such as right to property and right to access financial resources, education, health, and employment, which provide a specific criminal policy to combat economic violence against women. The extraction of this policy is the main question of this research.Violence and its types are a phenomenon that has various definitions and examples from different perspectives. In international documents, economic violence is considered based on the principles of western schools, and therefore, in order to prevent this issue, freedom and equality of women and men and emphasis and encouragement of women's economic activity for their own economic security have been considered. Western legal schools and international documents accuse the Iranian legal system, which is based on Islam, of discrimination against women, violation of their rights, and creating the conditions for the occurrence of economic violence against women; therefore, it is necessary to extract and analyze the criminal policy of combating economic violence in international documents so that in future research, it is possible to measure its relationship with the criminal policy of Islam and Iran. Identifying and extracting the criminal policy of international documents on the issue of combating economic violence against women will meet the need of managers and decision-makers of the country to adopt intelligent measures in dealing with international documents. This research collects relevant data from international documents and articles about it by studying documents and books, then uses descriptive and analytical methods to identify and extract the legislative criminal policy to combat economic violence in international documents. The results of the criminal policy review to combat economic violence against women indicate that its components can be classified into 6 sections: criminalization of economic violence against women, recognition of women's property rights, women's equality in financial rights with men, access to employment, access to education, and access to health services, as follows. International documents such as the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and the Beijing Document have explicitly requested governments to consider any violence against women a crime. In these documents, the right to property is the most important economic right of women that has been emphasized. Women's equal financial rights in accessing financial services, resources, and economic opportunities, without any distinction or restriction based on gender, have been emphasized in international documents, especially in the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 1979. Equality of women and men in access to employment, equal status and treatment between women and men in the labor market, the achievement of decent, full and gainful employment for all women and men, and the realization of equal pay for work of equal value, are mentioned as components that make employment and the labor market accessible to all on equal terms. Gender equality and equal rights of women and men in access to education are explicitly emphasized. In these documents, the enjoyment of health services at the highest standard without any discrimination is introduced as one of the fundamental rights of every human being, and health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Documents such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the 2030 Agenda provide special protection for women in some cases regarding access to health services.
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