Biological Dimensions of Male Sexual Victimization

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University

10.48308/jlr.2026.241705.2963

Abstract

Male sexual victimization encompasses significant biological dimensions that may critically contribute to increased vulnerability. This study aimed to examine biological factors—including genetic, hormonal, physiological, and neurobiological characteristics—and their impact on the occurrence and severity of male sexual victimization.



A mixed-methods approach was employed. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through in-depth interviews with men who had lived experiences of victimization and through a Delphi technique involving experts. Purposeful sampling with predefined criteria was used to select participants. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA software and an inductive coding approach. In the theoretical phase, a systematic review of scientific literature was conducted to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework.



Findings indicated that multiple biological factors heightened male vulnerability. Genetic predispositions and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were associated with heightened stress responses. Physical impairments and physiological weaknesses reduced defensive capabilities. Neurobiologically, dysfunctions in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex impaired threat detection and decision-making. Hormones such as testosterone, cortisol, and oxytocin were implicated in risky behaviors, misplaced trust, and behavioral freezing. The interaction of these factors with high-risk environments significantly increased the likelihood of victimization.



These findings highlight that male sexual victimization is not solely a social or psychological phenomenon but also has biological roots. The interplay between biological factors and social conditions exacerbates male vulnerability. Consequently, consideration of biological dimensions is essential in preventive policies and therapeutic interventions, providing a foundation for multi-layered strategies to support male victims effectively.

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Legal Research Quarterly

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 31 May 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 26 September 2025
  • Revise Date: 12 February 2026
  • Accept Date: 31 May 2026

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