The distinction between extermination as an example of crimes against humanity and genocide in the light of the Statute of the International Criminal court

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 استاد دانشگاه علامه

2 ph.D candidateof law Allameh Tabatabai University

Abstract

The two concepts of extermination and genocide are very important and fundamental concepts in international criminal law. Due to the conceptual and semantic affinities, sometimes in studies and studies, differences and differences in their differences are negligible or neglected, while carefully We will find in the Statute of the Court that there are differences between the extermination as an example of a crime against humanity with genocide, both of which are referred to in the Statute of the Court.
Genocide is a deliberate crime, and in order to realize it, in addition to deliberately pursuing one of the prohibited acts set forth in Article 6 of the Constitution, it is necessary to eliminate all or part of a religious, racial, ethnic or national group. There is no need for such an incentive. In the extermination, the perpetrator eliminates the population as a mere human being while eradicating the group's genocide for belonging to a religion, race, ethnicity, or nationality. . It is also necessary in the extermination to commit the acts as part of an organized or extensive attack, or as part of a general or organized plan, to destroy the g Row, while genocide does not require that the acts committed as part of a systematic or extensive attack, or as part of a general or organized plan, have been committed to eliminate the group.

Keywords

References

فهرست منابع
الف) منابع فارسی
کتاب
1. آشوری، محمد، آیین دادرسی کیفری، جلد 2، تهران: انتشارات سمت، چاپ پنجم، 1384.
2. اخوان، پیام، مجازات جنایات جنگی در یوگسلاوی سابق:موقعیتی بحرانی برای نظم‌ نوین جهانی،در:حقوق بشر در پرتو تحولات بین‌المللی، ترجمۀ حسین شریفی طراز کوهی، تهران: نشر دادگستر،چاپ اول، 1377.
3. شبث، ویلیام.ا، مقدّمه‌ای بر دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی، مترجمان سید‌باقر میر‌عباسی، حمید الهوئی نظری، تهران: انتشارات جنگل، چاپ اوّل، 1384.
4. میر محمد صادقی، حسین، حقوق جزای بین‌الملل «مجموعه مقالات»، تهران: نشر میزان، چاپ اوّل، 1377.
مقاله
5. بلوجی، حیدرعلی، «امنیت انسانی در روابط بین‌الملل»، نشریه مطالعات راهبردی، 1387، شمارۀ 145.
6. ﺳﺎﻟﻮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺯﺍﭘﺎﻻ، «ﻣﻘﺎﻣ‌‌‌ﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﯿﺖ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ‌ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ»، ترجمۀ عبدالمجید سودمندی، ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩ،1385، ﺷﻤﺎﺭۀ 14
7. پورسعید، فرزاد، «امنیت انسانی در قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران»، نشریۀ مطالعات راهبردی، 1387، شمارۀ 41.
8. ﺟﻨﺖ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ، ﺣﺴﯿﻦ، «ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ»، ﻧﺸﺮﯾۀ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ، ﺩﻭﺭۀ 93، 1388، ﺷﻤﺎﺭۀ 2.
9. ﺫﺍﻗﻠﯽ، ﻋﺒﺎﺱ، «ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺰﻩ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ»، ﻧﺸﺮﯾۀ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، 1388، ﺷﻤﺎﺭۀ 62 .
10. ﺻﺎﺑﺮ، ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ، «آﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺐ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﺳﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ»، ﻧﺸﺮﯾۀ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ، ﺩﻭﺭۀ 93، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ 1388، ﺷﻤﺎﺭۀ 2.
11. Barbara، Harff ؛مترجم :طیب، علیرضا، «نسل‌کشی و کشتار سیاسی»، تهران: مجلۀ اطلاعات سیاسی و اقتصادی، شماره 43 و 44،فروردین و اردیبهشت 1370 .
12. غالی، پطروس؛ مترجم: طیب، علی رضا؛ «نسل‌کشی»، تهران: مجلۀ اطلاعات سیاسی و اقتصادی، شماره 93 و 94 ،خرداد و تیر 1374 .
13. فیروزآبادی، سیدجلال، «امنیت انسانی»، نشریۀ مطالعات راهبردی، 1387، شماره 41
14. ﻣﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﯽ، ﺣﺴﯿﻦ، «ﺟﻨﻮﻥ، ﻣﺴﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ»، ﻧﺸﺮﯾۀ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﯽ، 1383، ﺷﻤﺎﺭۀ 44.
15. مهدوی ثابت، محمد‌علی، ضمیمۀ جزوۀ «حقوق جزای بین‌الملل»، دورۀ کارشناسی ارشد حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشکدۀ حقوق، سال تحصیلی، 86-85 ، ضمیمۀ 4.
ب) منابع انگلیسی
16. Alkire,Sabina,”A conceptual framework for human security” , Center for Research on Inequality Human Security , and Ethnicty(CRISE), working papare2, London: Oxford university, 2003,P.2.
17. Articles of the draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind , Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its forty-eighth session, (1996).
18. Official Records of the General Assembly,(1996) Fifty-first session, Supplement No.10, Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission, vol. II(2).
19. C.Greenwood, (1998) The development of international humanitarian law by the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Max planck Yearbook of International Law .
20. Evans. Malcom D. (2007)“Statute Of The International Tribunal For The Prosecution Of Persons Responsible For Serious Violations Of International Humanitarian Law Committed In The Territory Of The Former Yugoslavia Since 1991(Statute Of ICTY).” In International Law Documents, Eighth Edition., 352–61. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. G. Mettraux, international crimes and the ad hoc tribunals(2005).
22. History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War.(1948)Published by His Majesty's Stationary Office for the UNWCC, London.
23. I.Bantekas,(2006) "Corruption as an international crime and crime against humanity: An outline of supplementary criminal justice policies", Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol.4, No.4,466.
24. ILC draft code and  Commentary,(1993) YearBook of International Law Commission, Vol.1 .
25. Juge d’instruction a Bruxelles, (1999) Ordonnance 6 Nov 1998, Revue de droit penal et de criminologie.
26. procès-verbaux (10 November 1998, 12 July1999, 30 November 1999, 8 May 2000, 17 January2001 and 16 January 2002).
27. prosecutor v. Blaskic ,(2004) case no IT-95-14-A, judgment, appeals chamber.
28. prosecutor v. kajelijeli, (2003)judgment, trial chamber.
29. Prosecutor v. Kordic, ICTY, (2004)Case No IT-95/14/2-A, judgment , appeals chamber.
30. Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al. (2002)case no IT-96-23-A, judgment , appeals chamber.
31. Prosecutor v. Mile Mrkić, (2009)Case No. It-95-13/1-A, , para.235-239 .
32. Prosecutor v. Mrksic (1996), (Vukovar Hospital Decision), Review of the Indictment Pursuant to Rule 61 of the rules of procedure and evidence.
33. Prosecutor v. Muhimana, (2005)Case No . ICTR-95-1B-T.
34. prosecutor v. Muvunyi,(2006)Case No. ICTR -00-55A-T, Judgment, Trial chamber.
35. prosecutor v. Semanza, (2003),Case no ICTR-97-20-T, trial chamber.
36. prosecutor v. Stakic, (2003),Case No It-97-24-T, ICTY trial chamber .
37. Prosecutor v. Tadic, (1995), Decision on the Defense Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Appeals Chamber.
38. Prosecutor vs. Jean-Paul Akayesu, (1998),Internationa Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Judgement of Chamber I Case No. ICTR-96-4-T.
39. Prosecutor vs. Tadic, (ICTY), (1999), Judgement in The Appeal Chamber, Case No.  IT-94-1-A.
40. Public Prosecutor v. Menten, Judgement , (1981),Supreme Court of the Netherlands.
41. The Prosecutor V. Alfred Musema(2000) Case No. ICTR-96-13-A, Trial Chamber Judgement.
42. The Prosecutor V.Vincent Rutaganda(2000), Case No.ICTR -95-1C,Trial Chamber Judgement.
43. Prosecutor V. Eichman, International Law Reports, 1996. 
44. Report of ILC special Rapporteur D. Thiam,Yearbook of International Law Commisiion,(1986) Vol.2 , U.N.Doc.A/CN.4/466 (1986 ILC special Rapporteur report) .
45. Report of UN Secretory-General , (1993) .
46. Statute Of International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda(Statute Of ICTR) (1994). http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/legal-library/100131_Statute_en_fr_0.pdf.
47. Statute Of Special Court For Sierra Leone(Statute Of SCSL), (2002). http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/scsl-statute.pdf.
48. The Rome Statute of The International Criminal Court, A/CONF.183/9 of 17 July 1998 and corrected by.
 
 
 
 
Legal Research Quarterly
Volume 20, Issue 80
February 2018
Pages 135-156

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 17 December 2017
  • Revise Date: 13 February 2018
  • Accept Date: 09 January 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics