The Doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise in light of decisions of the International Criminal Tribunal For the Former Yugoslavia; Nature, Foundation and Categorization

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Law School Shahid Beheshti University

2 School of Law - Shahid Beheshti University - Tehran - Iran

Abstract

The Appeal Chamber of the International Tribunal For the Former Yugoslavia while prosecuting Tadic, as one a an accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, on 15 July 1999 recognized for the first time the concept of Joint Criminal Enterprise (“JCE”) in a structural and in detailed manner categorizing it under three types, and as a theory. JCE is a model of criminal responsibility for individuals who commit acts for a common criminal purpose, design or plan and are responsible of the crime, provided that other conditions and circumstances are met. The nature of war crimes with regards to their collective commission, the fact that recognition of a lower level of criminal responsibility for the aider and abettors than principals does not appear to be necessary due to their equality of and common mens rea, the application of deterrence effects, shadowing of the penalties personalizing and the ability of adaption to equity and justice criteria as more as possible, are the principle purposes and foundations of this theory, that requires an exact legal analysis. This mode of criminal responsibility, which has been a range of criticisms by jurists and lawyers, is of a range similarities and differences with other modes of criminal responsibility i.e. association and aiding and abetting and criminal responsibility of a superior. It also overlaps in some instances with the such modes of responsibility. It is reasonable therefore to make precise analysis of each to enable a competent court to render an accurate judgment and conviction.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی شماره 82 نظریة فعالیت مجرمانة مشترک در پرتو آرای دادگاه کیفری...
281
B- Latin
Books
20. Dethan ,Claire and shorts Edwin (2003), International Criminal Law and Human
Rights, Sweet Maxwell London.
21 Gideon Boas and William A. Schabas,International Humanitarian Law
Series,volume6, International Criminal Law Developments in the Case Law of
the ICTY, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
22. William A.Schabas, An Introduction To The International Criminal Court,
Cambridge University Press, 2007.
23. Iryna Marchuk, The Fundamental Concept of Crime in International Criminal
Law, Springer, 2013.
24. Ambos, Kai
Articles
, Joint criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility, Journal of International
Criminal Justice 5 (2007), 159-183.
25. Zahar, A. “How Judges Think: Strengthening Defence Approaches to Joint
Criminal Enterprise and Closing Arguments”, Annual Conference of the Defence
Bar of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, 12 December, (2009).
26. Catherine H. Gibson, “Testing the Legitimacy of the Joint Criminal Enterprise
Doctrine in the ICTY: A Comparison of Individual Liability for Group Conduct
in International and Domestic Law”, Duke Journal of Comparative &
International Law, Vol. 18, No. 521, (2008).
Cases
27. Brdanin Radoslav, 3 April 2007, ICTY, Appeal Judgment, Case No. IT-9621-A.
28. Blagojevic, 17 January 2005, ICTY, Trial Judgment, Case No. IT-02-60-T.
29. Case Information Sheet, Duško Tadić, International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia.
30. Case Information Sheet, Milan Martic, International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia.
31. Delalic and others, 20 February 2001, ICTY, Appeal Judgment, Case No. IT-
9621-A.
32. Duško Tadić, 15 July 1999, ICTY, Appeal Judgment, Case No. IT-94-T.
33. Gustav Alfred Jepsen and others, 24 Agust 1946, Proceeding of a War Crimes
Trial held at Luneberg, Germany.
34. Kvočka and others, 28 February 2005, ICTY, Appeal Judgement, Case No. IT-
98-30/1-A.
35. Krnojelac Milorad, 17 September 2003, ICTY, Appeal Judgement, IT-97-25-A.
36. Milan Martic, 8 October 2008, ICTY, Appeal Judgement, IT-95-11-A.
37. Milutinovic and others, 26 February 2009, ICTY, Trial Judgment, Case No. IT-
05- 87-T.
38. Prosecutor v. Milutinović and others, ICTY, Case No. IT-99-37-AR72
39. popovic and others, 30 January 2015, ICTY, Appeal Judgment, Case No.
IT-05-88-A.
فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی شماره 82 نظریة فعالیت مجرمانة مشترک در پرتو آرای دادگاه کیفری...
282
40. Sainovic and others, 23 January 2014, ICTY, Appeal judgment, Case No. IT-05-
87-A.
41. Trial of Feutstein and others, 24 August 1948, Proceedings of a War Crimes
Trial held at Hamburg, Germany.
Legal Research Quarterly
Volume 21, Issue 82
June 2018
Pages 253-282

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History

  • Receive Date: 14 October 2017
  • Revise Date: 14 October 2018
  • Accept Date: 30 April 2018

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