Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding Author Email: m_niazabadi@sbu.ac.ir
3
Phd Candidate, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
One of the issues that has been specifically raised in the modern Usua Al Fiqh and has also been discussed sporadically in its traditional version but has not been the subject of an independent chapter, is the consideration of fixed and variable elements in the inference of rulings (Ahkam) and the method of Ijtihad. If we want to be satisfied with stability in the matter of Ijtihad, the appearances and rulings of Sharia will be isolated from the onslaught of the daily needs of society, and the issues and matters related to the religious in Islamic societies will be left without a solution or answer. Theory of “Mantaqa Al-Faraq” (changeable area) would be considered as one of the parameters of religion flexibility that was introduced by Mohammad Baqir Sadr, under this title, for the first time, regarding the possibility of freedom of government [legislative] intervention in Islamic economy. Mantaqa Al-Faraq is an area that its subjects due to variable and changeable nature, have variable and changeable sutra and rules, so that, God [as the Islamic legislature] refusing to set and codify fixed sutra and rules, delegated the setting and codification the relevant detailed rules, accordance to the benefit and requirements of each period, to the Islamic regnant or governor of that period. So, this area is standing on the opposite side of “fixed area” that its subjects have fixed and unchangeable sutra and rules at any period. The main goal of this article is to examine the criteria of “Mantaqa Al-Faraq” theory and its secondary goals, to reconcile these criteria with the general principles of contract law and a specific type of contract, called administrative contracts. In this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and the study of library resources, attempted to first, identify the theory of “Mantaqa Al-Faraq” and its criteria, and secondly, by returning to the sources of contract law and administrative law, while examining the challenging issues in these two areas, by applying the criteria of the “Mantaqa Al-Faraq” theory, to analyze whether these two areas of law are subject to the aforementioned theory and its effects or no? By studying the opinions of Mohammad Baqir Sadr in “Eghtesadona”, three criteria for the area of Mantaqa Al-Faraq can be deduced: First, the area of Mantaqa Al-Faraq governs the relationship between huamn and nature; this type of relationship is changeable and not fixed, due to existence of nature. Second, there are no fixed detailed rules in Sharia law for the area of Mantaqa Al-Faraq. All the subjects and issues are free and not governed by any islamic rule (Hokm). Third, the general rule for the area of Mantaqa Al-Faraq is “permissible” and “Jawaz.” Therefore, the Islamic ruler can prohibit or order any activity or action that is not indicated by a legislative text as obligatory or forbidden. Combining the last three components leads to the clarification and scrutiny of the boundaries of the area of Mantaqa Al-Faraq. Therefore, it can be concluded that firstly, the theory of the Mantaqa Al-Faraq is related to the stage of legislation (caninzation) and not implementation, and secondly, due to the lack of a primary ruling by the legislator in this area, the ruling issued by the ruler is considered the primary ruling, and any issue that meets these three criteria in the present time is interpreted under the scope of Mantaqa Al-Faraq and can be determined by the Islamic ruler according to the requirements of the time and the interests of the day, and is not subject to any immutable principle. Among the issues that can be discussed in terms of inclusion or non-inclusion under this theory is the issue of contract law and a specific type of them under the title of administrative contracts. Among the introduced subjects and issues of Contract Law, some have detailed history of Islamic jurisprudence and the other, because of progress and advancement of science and technology and emerge of human needs, are regarded as new and modern issues and don’t have really detailed history of Islamic jurisprudence. The former one, on the terms of different interpretations, would be included in the fixed area or Mantaqa Al-Faraq and the latter one (like invalidity of unfair terms in contracts, right of withdrawal in distance contracts for consumers and etc), due to the aggregation of Mantaqa Al-Faraq components, would be included in this area. Administrative Contracts as an important and special type of contracts, due to lack of detailed history of Islamic jurisprudence and encompassing all Mantaqa Al-Faraq components, would be included in this area and the authority of setting the rules governing them is delegated to the Islamic regnant or governor. By examining the concept and nature of this type of contract, we find that not only does their essence and essence, but also their causes (the formation of the state in the modern sense and the theories related to it, etc.) have not been examined in Sharia books due to their emergence in recent historical times and it is obvious that there are no express rules to govern them.
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