The Comparative Analysis on Aspects of Leniency Program Enforcement in Anticompetitive Cartels Sphere

Document Type : Original Article

Author

10.52547/lawresearch.23.89.345

Abstract

The Comparative Analysis on Aspects of Leniency Program Enforcement in Anticompetitive Cartels Sphere Leniency Program as a means of detecting and cracking cartel activities has some considerable interests which can provide Competition authorities with a proper chance for eliminating anti competition activities in cartel sphere. Leniency Program, with its lure of leniency in exchange for self reporting and full cooperation, has been increasingly used and has proved its efficiency. Having clarified the notion and domain of leniency program, this paper in comparative study, is going to analyzing its important aspects and enforcement conditions regarding different approaches of legal systems and decisions made by competition authorities and their procedures. The results indicate that Iranian competition law which has ignored such efficient plan should address this deficiency and make some serious modifications.Key words: Leniency Program, Amnesty program, Competition remedies, Competition law, Cartel, Commercial lawThe Comparative Analysis on Aspects of Leniency Program Enforcement in Anticompetitive Cartels

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. منابع

    انگلیسی

    Books

    1. ABA. Annual Review of Antitrust Law Developments 2008. USA: American Bar Association, 2010
    2. American Bar Association. Antitrust Compliance: Perspectives and Resources for Corporate Counselors. USA: American Bar Association, 2005
    3. Andreangeli, A. EU Competition Enforcement and Human Rights. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008
    4. Banks, Theodore, and Frederick Banks. Corporate Legal Compliance Handbook. USA: Aspen Publishers Online, 2011
    5. Basedow, J. Private Enforcement of EC Competition Law. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2007
    6. Beaton-Wells, Caron, and Brent Fisse. Australian Cartel Regulation: Law, Policy and Practice in an International Context. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011
    7. Bos, I. Incomplete Kartels and Empty Trust Policy. Incidents and Detection. Germany: Rozenberg Publishers, 2009
    8. Brooder, D. U.S. Antitrust Law and Enforcement. USA: Oxford University Press, 2010
    9. Buccirossi, P. Handbook of Antitrust Economics. USA: MIT Press, 2008
    10. Buhart, J. Leniency Regimes: Jurisdictional Comparisons. UK: Sweet & Maxwell, 2012
    11. Chang, Seung, and Won-Mog Choi. Trade Law and Regulation in Korea. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011
    12. Connor, J. Global Price Fixing. Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2007
    13. De León, I. An Institutional Assessment of Antitrust Policy: The Latin American Experience. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2009
    14. Drexl, Josef et al. Competition Policy and the Economic Approach: Foundations and Limitations. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011
    15. Ewing, K. Competition Rules for the 21st Century: Principles from America's Experience. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2006
    16. Faure, Michael, and Guangdong Xu. Economics and Regulation in China. UK: Routledge, 2013
    17. Foer, Albert, and Jonathan Cuneo. The International Handbook on Private Enforcement of Competition Law. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010
    18. Foer, Albert, and Randy Stutz. Private Enforcement of Antitrust Law in the United States: A Handbook. USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012
    19. Fox, Eleanor M., and Daniel Crane. Global Issues in Antitrust and Competition Law. USA: West, 2010
    20. Furse, M. The Criminal Law of Competition in the UK and in the US: Failure and Success. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012
    21. Global Legal Group. The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Enforcement of Competition Law 2009. UK: GLG Publication, 2009
    22. Gruner, R. Corporate Criminal Liability and Prevention. USA:  Law Journal Press, 2004
    23. Harrington, Joseph, and Yannis Katsoulacos. Recent Advances in the Analysis of Competition Policy and Regulation. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012
    24. Harris, Stephen et al. Anti-Monopoly Law and Practice in China. UK: Oxford University Press, 2011
    25. Hawk, B. International Antitrust Law & Policy 2013. USA: Juris Publishing Inc., 2014
    26. Hüschelrath, K. Competition Policy Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2008
    27. Joelson, M. An International Antitrust Primer. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2006
    28. Kameoka, E. Competition Law and Policy in Japan and the EU. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014
    29. Kokkoris, Ioannis, and Ioannis Lianos. The Reform of EC Competition Law: New Challenges. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2010
    30. Larence, E. Criminal Cartel Enforcement. USA: DIANE Publishing, 2011
    31. LeClair, M. Cartelization, Antitrust and Globalization in the US and Europe. UK: Routledge, 2011
    32. Lianos, Ioannis, and Damien Geradin. Handbook on European Competition Law: Enforcement and Procedure. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013
    33. Meessen, Karl et al. Economic Law as an Economic Good: Its Rule Function and Its Tool Funktion in the Competition of Systems. Germany: European law publ, 2009
    34. OECD. Fighting Hard-core Cartels Harm, Effective Sanctions and Leniency Programme. France: OECD Publishing, 2002
    35. Russo, Francesco et al. European Commission Decisions on Competition.UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010
    36. San pedro, Luis et al. Private Enforcement of Competition Law. Spain: Lex Nova, 2011
    37. Subiotto, Romano, and Robbert Snelders. Antitrust Developments in Europe 2007. Netherlands:  Kluwer Law International, 2008
    38. Sweeney, B. The Internationalisation of Competition Rules. UK: Routledge, 2009
    39. Utton, M. Cartels and Economic Collusion: The Persistence of Corporate Conspiracies. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011
    40. Van Bockel, B. The Ne Bis in Idem Principle in EU Law. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2010
    41. Viscusi, Kip et al. Economics of Regulation and Antitrust. USA :MIT Press, 2005
    42. Wardhaugh, B. Cartels, Markets and Crime. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014
    43. Williams, M. The Political Economy of Competition Law in Asia. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013
    44. Willis, P. Introduction to EU Competition Law. UK:CRC Press, 2013

     

     

    Articles

     

    1. Cauffman, C. "The Interaction of Leniency Programmes and Actions for Damages", Competition Law Review Volume. 7, Issue. 2 (2011)
    2. O'Kane, M. "International Cartel Criminalisation and leniency: Recent lessons from the UK and Global Comparisons", Competition Law International, Issue. August (2012)

     

    Internet Resources

     

    1. Bruna, Sérgio, and Patricia Araujo,  Cartel Leniency in Brazil: Overview,(2014); Available at: http://uk.practicallaw.com/5-501-0483?source=relatedcontent, Last visited: 23/12/2014
    2. Buffier, Beau et al, Cartel leniency in United States: overview, (2014); Available at: http://uk.practicallaw.com/4-501-2185?source=relatedcontent, Last visited: 23/12/2014
    3. Dijkstra, Peter et al, Leniency Programs and the Design of Antitrust: Experimental Evidence with Rich Communication, (2014); Available at: http://www.rug.nl/staff/p.t.dijkstra/experiment_paper.pdf., Last visited: 23/12/2014
    4. D'Ostuni, Marco, Cartel Leniency in Italy: Overview, (2014); Available at:  http://uk.practicallaw.com/0-517-4293?source=relatedcontent, Last visited: 23/12/2014
    5. Henrick, Sharon, and Wayne  Leach, Cartel leniency in Australia: overview, (2014) ; Available at: http://uk.practicallaw.com/1-504-9270?source=relatedcontent Last visited: 23/12/2014
    6. Henry, Roxann, and  Christopher Sousa, The Implications of DOJ’s Auto Parts Price- Fixing Enforcement Actions, (2013); Available at: http://www.mofo.com/files/Uploads/Images/130930-DOJs-Auto-Parts-Price-Fixing-Enforcement-Actions.pdf., Last visited: 23/12/2014
    7. Kmiecik, Andrzej, and Richard Burton, Cartel Leniency in EU: Overview, (2013); Available at: http://uk.practicallaw.com/0-517-4976?source=relatedcontent Last visited: 23/12/2014
    8. Manning, Amy,Record-setting Antitrust Law enforcement, (2014); Available at: http://www.mcguirewoods.com/news-resources/publications/antitrust/record-setting-antitrust-law-enforcement.pdf., Last visited: 23/12/2014
    9. Marx, Leslie, and Mezzetti, Claudio, Effects of Antitrust Leniency on Concealment Effort by Colluding Firms , (2014); Available at: https://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~marx/bio/papers/concealment.pdf. ,Last visited: 23/12/2014
    10. Ning, Susan et al, Cartel Leniency in China: Overview, (2013); Available at: http://us.practicallaw.com/4-504-9363, Last visited: 23/12/2014
    11. O'Kane, Michael,  and Jasvinder Nakhwal,Cartel leniency in UK (England and Wales): overview, (2013); Available at: http://uk.practicallaw.com/0-501-1833?source=relatedcontent, Last visited: 23/12/2014
    12. O'Kane, Michael, Immunity or a 100 per cent Reduction in Sanctions UK, (2014); Available at: http://globalcompetitionreview.com/know-how/topics/79/jurisdictions/22/united-kingdom/, Last visited: 23/12/2014
    13. Sanduja, Amit, Report on Leniency Programme: A Key Tool to Detect Cartels ,(2007) ; Available at: http://cci.gov.in/images/media/ResearchReports/leniencyproject_amitsanduja11032008_20080715104637.pdf., Last visited: 23/12/2014
    14. Uhlig, Torsten, and  Malte Prill, Cartel leniency in Germany: overview,(2014); Available at: http://uk.practicallaw.com/2-501-2172?source=relatedcontent, Last visited: 23/12/2014
    15. Werden, Gregory et al, Deterrence and Detection of Cartels: Using all the Tools an Sanctions,(2012); Available at: http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/speeches/283738.pdf., Last visited: 23/12/2014

    فرانسوی

    Livres

     

    1. Abadie, Laurent, and Arnaud Lecourt. Droit Economique Actualité Jurisprudentielle 2011-2012: Concurrence - Distribution – Consommation. France: Wolters Kluwer, 2013
    2. Bien, Franck, and Sophie Méritet. Microéconomie: Les Défaillances de Marché. France: Pearson Education, 2014
    3. Jacopin, S. Le Renouveau de la Sanction Pénale: Evolution ou Révolution. France: Groupe de Boeck, 2010
    4. Lefebvre-Dutilleul, V. Codes de Bonne Conduite Chartes Ethiques: Outils de Gestion des Risqué. France: Editions Lamy, 2012