ملاحظاتی انتقادی بر یکسان‌انگاری ارکان تحقق مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها و سازمان‌های بین‌المللی

سیفی, جمال; زرگری نژاد, نسیم

doi:10.29252/jlr.2022.221850.1910

ملاحظاتی انتقادی بر یکسان‌انگاری ارکان تحقق مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها و سازمان‌های بین‌المللی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ دانشیار، دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

² دانشجوی حقوق بین الملل عمومی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

10.29252/jlr.2022.221850.1910

چکیده

کمیسیون حقوق بین‌الملل برای دو شخصیت اصلی حقوق بین‌الملل، یعنی دولت و سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، دو طرح جداگانه‌ی مسئولیت بین‌المللی به ترتیب در سالهای ۲۰۰۱ و ۲۰۱۱ به نظام حقوق بین‌المللی ارائه کرده است. از میان تمامی اشتراکات بی‌شمار دو طرح مسئولیت، بی‌تردید، مهمترین و بنیادی‌ترین وجه اشتراک دو طرح، یکسان بودن ارکانِ تحققِ مسئولیت بین‌المللی است. بدین معنی که، براساس هر دو طرح، مسئولیت بین‌المللی در نتیجه‌ی عمل متخلفانه‌ی بین‌المللی قابلِ انتساب به یک شخص حقوقی، خواه دولت یا سازمان، به وجود می‌آید. در این راستا، در این مقاله کوشش شده است تا با تمرکز بر تفاوت‌های ساختاری دولت‌ها و سازمان‌های بین‌المللی نشان داده شود که این یکسان‌انگاری معضلات نظری و عملی بسیاری در پی خواهد داشت. نخستین معضلی که مقاله به آن می‌پردازد تفاوت در میزان و نوع پذیرش تعهدات بین‌المللی از سوی سازمان‌های بین‌المللی است. مقاله متعاقباً یکی از شیوه‌های انتساب مسئولیت - یعنی انتساب عمل یکی از ارکان سازمان به خودِ سازمان - را مورد مداقه قرارداده و با تأکید بر آراء بین‌المللی نشان می‌دهد که قاعده‌ی انتساب مسئولیت رکن به سازمان - بر خلاف قاعده‌ی انتساب مسئولیت رکن دولت به دولت - با معضلاتی اساسی رو به روست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

حقوق معاهدات بین الملل

عنوان مقاله [English]

Critical Considerations on the Identical Constitutive Elements of International Responsibility of States and International Organizations

نویسندگان [English]

Jamal Seifi ¹
Nasim Zargarinejad ²

¹ Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University

² PhD candidate in International Law, Law faculty, Shahid Beheshti Univeristy

چکیده [English]

The International Law Commission published two separate draft articles on international responsibility in 2001 and 2011. Each draft article deals with the international responsibility of one subject of international law, namely, States or international organizations; however, the two drafts contain many similar or even identical provisions to one another. Among those provisions, the two articles in each draft article that refer to the general conditions for incurring international responsibility are significantly identical. Pursuant to those articles, international responsibility arises when a legal person commits an internationally wrongful act. This paper discusses the theoretical as well as practical difficulties that would arise from applying the same general conditions for the responsibility of states to the responsibility of international organizations. Having illustrated the difference between states and international organizations as to the number and type of international obligations, the paper will then focus on the attribution of the conduct of an organ to the international organizations by discussing different judicial opinions on the issue.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Keywords. International Responsibility
International Law
International Organizations
States
International Law Commission

مراجع

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