تحلیلی بر چالش‌های حقوق رقابتی کلان‌داده‌ها

رهبری, ابراهیم

doi:10.29252/jlr.2022.226773.2164

تحلیلی بر چالش‌های حقوق رقابتی کلان‌داده‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

ابراهیم رهبری

استادیار، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

10.29252/jlr.2022.226773.2164

چکیده

حقوق رقابت طی سالیان اخیر، متوجه اهمیت روافزون حجم عظیمی از داده‌های متنوع و پویا در بازارهای پلتفرمی و مجازی شده است که به کمک هوش مصنوعی و فرایند یادگیری ماشینی، به اطلاعات معناداری بدل شده و گاه در خدمت مقاصد مشروع رقابتی درآمده و گاه ظرفیت خود را برای نقض هنجارهای رقابتی آشکار می‌کنند. پژوهش حاضر ضمن تبیین مفهوم دقیق کلان‌داده‌ها و کارکردهای رقابتی آن‌ها، نشان می‌دهد که چگونه کلان‌داده‌ها در قامت ابزاری برای تبانی میان رقبا به استخدام درآمده و به چه نحوی، بنگاه‌های مسلط با اتخاذ رویه‌هایی نظیر امتناع از تسهیم و دادن دسترسی تبعیض‌آمیز به کلان‌داده‌ها، مجال رقابت را برای رقبا تنگ کرده و با بهره‌گیری از ظرفیت‌ کلان‌داده‌ها، قدرت خود را به طرزی ناروا، به بازارهای عمودی یا مجاور تعمیم می‌دهند. این نوشتار همچنین نقش مهم کلان‌داده‌ها در فرایند تمرکزات را تبیین نموده و به نقد گزاره اجرای معیارهای عام رقابتی ناظر به ادغام و تملکات در حوزه کلان‌داده‌ها می‌پردا
تحلیل چارچوب کنونی حقوق رقابت ایران حکایت از آن دارد که با لحن کلی، مجمل و مبهم مقررات موجود نمی‌توان چالش‌های رقابتی کلان‌داده‌ها را نظام بخشید و به‌علاوه، رهیافت‌های اتخاذی در اسناد جدید درخصوص داده‌ها، محل انتقاد جدی است. فارغ از آنکه نظام‌های پیشرفته حقوق رقابت نیز در مواجهه با پاره‌ای مسائل کلان‌داده‌ها دچار سردرگمی هستند، مهم‌ترین گام در حقوق ایران برای حل معضلات رقابتی ناشی از کلان‌داده‌ها، درک مقتضیات بازارهای مجازی و اتخاذ راهبرد رقابتی خاص این دست بازارها و عنایت ویژه به نقش کلان‌داده‌ها است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

حقوق اقتصادی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Analysis of Big data Challenges for Competition Law

نویسنده [English]

Ebrahim RAHBARI

Assistant Professor of Law, Shahid Beheshti University

چکیده [English]

Competition law in recent years has realized the growing importance of a huge volume of data with variety and velocity characteristics in the platform and digital markets, which are reduced to meaningful information by employing artificial intelligence and machine learning process, and sometimes serve legitimate competitive purposes and sometimes shows its potentials for violating competition law norms. Having clarified the exact concept of big data and its functions in the competition field, this paper is going to show how big data has been employed as a tool for collusion among competitors and how dominant undertakings misuse their position by taking anticompetitive practices such as unilateral refusal to share or giving discriminatory access to big data, restrict the competition for competitors, and by exploiting the potential of big data, extend their market power unduly to vertical or related markets. This paper also clarifies the important role of big data in the concentration process and critiques the extention of implementing traditional competition law criteria governing mergers and acquisitions in the field of big data. Analyzing the current framework of Iranian competition law suggests that regarding the general and ambiguous existing laws, we can’t regulate competition-oriented challenges of big data, and in addition, the approaches adopted in the new regulations are subject to serious criticism. Regardless of the fact that advanced competition law systems are also confused in confronting some big data issues, the most important step in Iranian law to solve related competition problems arising from big data is to understand the requirements of digital markets and adopt a particular competition policy of such markets and pay attention to the role of big data.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Platform markets
Competition law
Big data
Misuse of dominant position
Artificial intelligence

مراجع

فهرست منابع

Books
- Cannataci, Joe et al, Legal Challenges of Big Data, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
- Chongwoo, Zhijun et al, Data-Driven Mergers and Personalization, Japan: The Institute of Social and Economic Research Osaka University, 2020.
- Gürkaynak, Gönenç et al, Competition Law Assessments in Big-Data Merger Reviews in: Selected Contemporary Competition Law Matters, Turkey: Legal Yayıncılık A.Ş, 2019.
- Mäihäniemi, Beata, Competition Law and Big Data Imposing Access to Information in Digital Markets, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
- Tombal, Thomas, Imposing Data Sharing Among Private Actors A Tale of Evolving Balances, Wolters Kluwer; UK, 2022.
Articles
- Bagnoli, Vicente, "The Big Data Relevant Market Antitrust", Concorrenza e Mercato, Vol. 23, 2106.
- Batchelor, Bill & Janssens, Caroline, "Big Data: Understanding and Analysing Its Competitive Effects", The European Competition and Regulatory Law Review, Vol. 13, 2020.
- Besen, S & Verveer, P, "Competition and Data: Potential Remedies", Wake Forest Journal of Business and Intellectual Property Law, Vol. 21(2), 2021.
- Boutin, Xavier and Georg Clemens, "Defining 'Big Data' in Antitrust", Competition Policy International, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2017.
- Colombo, Niccolo, "Virtual Competition: Human Liability Vis-a-Vis Artificial Intelligence's Anticompetitive Behaviours", European Competition and Regulatory Law Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2018.
- Derwa, Zirjan, "The Canadian Competition Bureau and Big Data", COMPETITION L. INT'l, Vol. 19, 2019.
- Gal, Michal, "The Competitive Effects of the GDPR", Journal of Competition Law & Economics, Vol. 16(3) 2020.
- Garces, Eliana & Fanaras, Daniel, "Antitrust, Privacy, and Digital Platforms' Use of Big Data: A Brief Overview", Journal of Antitrust Law, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2018.
- Irakiza, Divin De Buffalo, "The Charter of Fundamental Rights, the Aims of EU Competition Law and Data Protection: Time to Level the Playing Field", Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 2021, No. 1, 2021.
- McIntosh, Daniel, "We Need to Talk about Data: How Digital Monopolies Arise and Why They Have Power and Influence" Tech. L. & Pol'y, Vol. 23, 2019.
- Mishra, Shivendra, "The A.I. Perspective on the Contours of Competition Law , Jus Corpus Law Journal, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2021.
- Modrall, J, "Closer Look at Competition Law and Data", Competition Law International, Vol. 13(1), 2017.
- Pfeiffer, Castellanos, "Digital Economy, Big Data and Competition Law", Market and Competition Law Review, Vol. 3(1), 2019.
- Rubinfeld, Daniel & Gal Michal, "Access Barriers to Big Data," Arizona Law Review, Vol. 59, No. 2, 2017.
- Stewart-Moreno, Alexander, "EU Competition Policy: Algorithmic Collusion in the Digital Single Market", York Law Review, Vol. 1, 2020.
- Yun, John, "Antitrust after Big Data Criterion", Journal on Innovation, Vol. 4, 2019.
Internet sources
- Baltol, David & Lane, Matthew, Monopolizing Water in a Tsunami: Finding Sensible Antitrust Rules for Big Data, 2016; Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2753249. Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Dentons, Antitrust Issues with Big Data: A United States Introduction, 2018: Available at: https://www.dentons.com/en/pdf-pages/www.dentons.com/-/media/208fd3e1727b492da21e58a6b81a4a38.ashxp Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Eckles, Paul & Taeschler, Luke, Antitrust Concerns About Big Data May Be Overblown, 2018; Available at: https://www.skadden.com/-/media/files/publications/2018/05/antitrust_concerns_about_big_data_may_be_overblown.pdf. Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Hoffmann, Jörg & Johannsen, Germán, EU-Merger Control & Big Data On Data-specific Theories of Harm and Remedies, 2019; Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3364792. Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Lubyová, Linda, Big Data in the EU Competition Law, Charles University Law Faculty, 2018; Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3128400. Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Lundqvist, Bjorn, Big Data, Open Data, Privacy Regulations, Intellectual Property and Competition Law in an Internet of Things World Faculty of Law, 2016; Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2891484. Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Modrall, Jay, Antitrust Risks and Big Data, 2017; Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3059598. Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Satariano, Adam, U. Takes Aim at Big Tech’s Power With Landmark Digital Act, The New York Times, March 24, 2022; Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/technology/eu-regulation-apple-meta-google.html. Last visited: 15/5/2022
- Yun, John, The Role of Big Data in Antitrust The GAI Report on the Digital Economy, 2019; Available at: https://gaidigitalreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Yun-The-Role-of-Big-Data-in-Antitrust.pdf. Last visited: 15/5/2022