نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه قم، گروه حقوق بین الملل دانشکده حقوق
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
The international community today generally accepts the fact that terrorism in all its forms and manifestations is one of the most serious threats to international peace and security, and that any terrorist operation, regardless of its motive, time, place and perpetrators, is criminal. The region of West Asia and the Middle East, especially Afghanistan, has been the center of terrorist operations in recent decades, and at the same time, this region has witnessed numerous international and non-international armed conflicts, and in some cases these two phenomena are intertwined to cause , What is the relationship between terrorist operations and armed conflict? Terrorist operations are subject to which legal system in cases where they are part of violence related to armed conflict? Will it be governed by international humanitarian law and international criminal law, or is it a criminal act that, although in the context of an armed conflict, is subject to the domestic law of the countries concerned and subject to the international obligations of governments in the fight against terrorism? Or will it be subject to both categories of legal regulations at the same time? Using library data and international procedures, this article has tried to prove the hypothesis that terrorist operations related to armed conflicts can be an example of multiple criminal titles at the same time and also be subject to domestic law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law. and cause the international responsibility of the relevant government or governments and the criminal responsibility of individuals.
کلیدواژهها [English]
فهرست منابع و مآخذ:
الف)فارسی
- کتاب
1- عبداللهی، محسن، تروریسم حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه، موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهر دانش، 1388.
2 - فلک،دیتر، حقوق بشردوستانه در مخاصمات مسلحانه، ترجمه سید قاسم زمانی و نادر ساعد، تهران، موسسه شهردانش، 1392.
مقالات:
3- حاجی دهآبادی، خاتمی، سعیده، «سیاست جنایی ایران در قبال جرم تامین مالی تروریسم در پرتو الزامات بینالمللی»، فصلنامه پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب، پائیز 1397، صص 35-64.
4- حیدریفرد، مهدی، پورقصاب امیری، علی، «جنگ جهانی علیه تروریسم،از منظر حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه»،فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بینالملل، سال 14، ش. 2، تابستان 1400، صص 9-33.
5- سبحانی، محمدرضا، میرغیاثی، سید عبدالله، صدیق، میرا ابراهیم، «نقش و جایگاه حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه در مخاصمات مسلحانه علیه تروریسم»، فصلنامه مطالعات بینالمللی پلیس، دوره 10ف ش. 4، زمستان 1398، صص 86-111.
6- سرتیپی، حسن، بردبار، موسی زاده، محمد، «بررسی و نقد ترور هدفمند، مبارزه با تروریسم و حقوق مخاصمات مسلحانه بینالمللی»، پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال 14، ش. 38، پاییز و زمستان 1391، صص 39-76.
7- کیهانلو، فاطمه، «جایگاه مرتکبان جرایم تروریستی در احراز وضعیت پناهندگی»، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، شماره 88، زمستان 1398، صص 311-332.
8- هنجنی، سیدعلی، فرهادنیا،سعید، «مسئولیت بینالمللی دولتها درقبال اعمال گروههای تروریستی»، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، شماره 84، زمستان، 1397، صص71-90.
B)English
Books:
10- Bassiouni, C., Introduction to International Criminal Law, New York: Transnational Publishers, 2003.
11- Chadwick, E., Self-determination, Terrorism and the International Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, The Hague 1996.
12- Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum, Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism (Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Sept. 2015), available at: http://pilac.law.harvard.edu/research-menu/#research
13- Henderson, Harry, Global Terrorism: The Complete Reference Guide, Switzerland, Geneva, 2011.
14- Higgins, R., The General International Law and Terrorism’ in R. Higgins and M. Flory (eds.), Terrorism and International Law (London: Routledge, 1997).
15- Marks, S. and Clapham, A., International Human Rights Lexicon, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Articles:
18- Dinstein, Yoram, “The ICRC Customary International Humanitarian Law Study,” 82 ILS (2006) 107 [citations omitted] (originally published in 36 IYHR 2006).
19- Brown, Enache C. and Fried, A. ‘Universal Crime Jurisdiction and Duty: The Obligation of Aut Dedere Aut Judicare in International Law’ 43 McGill Law Journal 613-633 (1998) at 621.
20- Cassese, A. ‘The Multifaceted Criminal Notion of Terrorism in International Law’, 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice 933-958 (2006).
21- Gasser, Hans, “Acts of terror, ‘terrorism’ and international humanitarian law,” 84 IRRC No. 847 (2002) 554–62.
22- Kovač, M., International criminalization of terrorism Hrvatski ljetopis za kazneno pravo i praksu (Zagreb), vol. 14, broj 1/2007, str. 269.
23- Saul, Ben, “Terrorism and international humanitarian law,” in Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism 214 (ed. Saul, 2014).
25- Randall, K. ‘Universal Jurisdiction under International Law’ 66 Texas Law Review 785- 842 (1988).
Cases, Documents and Reports;
27- Galić case (ICTY, Judgement, Galić (IT-98-29-T), Trial Chamber, 5 December 2003).
28- ICTY, Prosecutor v. Galić, Appeals Chamber, Judgment, Case No IT-98–29-A, November 30, 2006.
29 November 2017, ICC-02/17-7-Conf-Exp.
30- International Criminal Court, No.: ICC-02/17 Date: 20 November 2017. Para.4 Available at: www. https://www.icc-cpi.int/courtrecords/cr2017_06891.pdf
31- Jurisprudence of the ICTR and the ICTY, see www.ictr.org and www.icty.org.
33- Sixth Committee of the UN (19 November 2001), Resolution A/C.6/56/L.22, para 2.
34- Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, available at www.sc-sl.org/Documents/scsl-statute.html.
35- Statute of the ICTR, Article 4(d), available at www.un.org/ictr/statute.html.
36- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, Vienna Frequently Asked Questions on International Law Aspects of Countering Terrorism UNITED NATIONS New York, 2009, Visited on 12 September 2021 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/terrorism/Publications/FAQ/English.pdf
39- United Nations General Assembly resolution, (UN doc. A/RES/46/51 December 9 2001).
40- United Nations, Various Definitions of Terrorism Controversy in Defining Terrorism, available at: https://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA. pdf, visited on August 11, 2021.
41- U.S. Department of Defense, Law of War Manual §§ 2.9.1.2 and 2.9.4 (2015).
)