نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) amin3dighi@gmail.com
2 استادیار، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
3 دانشیار، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
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کلیدواژهها
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عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The main issue in this article is to examine the historical and philosophical impact of revolution on the modern concept of law. To historically examine this topic, the characteristics of revolutions in England, France, and the United States have been considered and philosophically, the ideas of thinkers from both the natural law and legal positivism approaches in this field have been studied. However, due to the historical nature of the subject, differences in the revolutionary structure are observed, according to the characteristics of each period and country. As a result, the outcomes of each revolution have also been different. However, at the same time, they have led to structures, institutions, and a system of universal reactions, and have influenced each other. The debate over revolution remains intense today, and revolutionary approaches worldside are undergoing transformation, reconstruction, and sometimes repetition. One of the recent revolutionary centers has been the Middle East, which has led to many discussions. These revolutions necessitate a re-examination of the classical approach to revolution in leading revolutionary countries like England, France, and the United States, which created new concepts in constitutional law and achieved relative stability. The English, French, and American revolutions were not only effective in these three countries; they have generally cast a shadow over revolutionary procedures and the entire world, and the impact of each of them was not limited to the geographical territory of that country and the time of its occurrence. The issue of legalism and anti-legalism at the heart of revolutions became one of the main issues for societies undergoing the modernization process. The desecration of the law, due to its fundamental change in nature caused by the revolutionary situation, led to serious discussions about the nature of law. In this regard, the connection between history, philosophy of law, legal thinkers, and legal activists in society is important. From Hobbes to Kant and Hegel, and from Cromwell to Robespierre and the American founding fathers, and many people who were killed in this path and those who resisted on the opposing front, all of them are part of the identity of the revolution in the face of the law, in the creation of law, and in the preservation of law. The interaction of idealism and reality, as well as dynamism and stability during a revolution, place revolutionary leaders on a difficult path. They must either insist on the mistakes of the past and make an effective change to build a proportional and exemplary system, or, on the contrary, expand the scope of instability. The system of classical revolutions in England, France, and the United States has many lessons within it, which led to the birth and development of the concept of constitutional law. This is a structure of thought that made the transition from command to law possible and broke the idolization of the law and the absolute obedience of its adherents. In fact, although revolution has an anti-law appearance, it becomes one of the main causes for the creation of the modern concept of law. This is because human society is in need of change at certain historical junctures, and what change can be more expressive and foundational than a revolution? Revolution creates hope and fear in different periods without a definite outcome being clear. This hope and fear are not only for the holders of power and thought but also belong to all the people of that land. The unintended consequences of revolution have both dark and bright sides, and it cannot be definitily condemned or praised. As in the system of the English and French revolutions, the sinusoidal relationship between legal, political, and social variables saw substantial fluctuations and went through many turbulences to reach the recent concept of social order, rights, and law. In both countries, the system of government alternated between republic and monarchy, but in the end, it created historical points of convergence for themselves and for other countries in the world. While, the American Revolution did not experience these fluctuations due to its unique conditions and brilliant leadership. It is noteworthy that from a philosophical perspective, issues such as the choice of voluntarism or order-based structuralism are among the key issues for understanding the two philosophical approaches of legal positivism and natural law. Also, the objectivist perception of legal positivism regarding law is one of the issues discussed in the present article. The research method of this study can be considered analytical, descriptive, and, in general, the approach of the article can be considered macro-perspective. The achievement of this research, on the one hand, is the identification of revolution as a key concept in constitutional law. On the other hand, it is the overcoming of the rigidity governing the interpretation and understanding of the law, with the help of a philosophical and historical reexamination and analysis of revolution, as one of the most intricate and central historical disputes reflected in the philosophy of law. The research conclusion clarifies that, in revolution, natural law has achieved a practical and theoretical superiority over legal positivism. Although it might be more accurate to say that legal positivism and the theory of natural law have moved side by side, and it is difficult to imagine that only one of these two theories would take absolute control over law. Today, the evolution of many legal concepts, including the law, is the result of a struggle that thinkers and progressives have been waging for many years in the trenches of natural law and legal positivism by being in the heart of historical objectivity
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