فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی

فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی

امکان سنجی کاربست حقوق رقابت در تنظیم بازار انرژیهای فسیلی با لحاظ عوامل مختل کننده رقابت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
مهدی ملائی
استادیار، دانشکده مدیریت و صنایع، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران. ایمیل نویستده مسئول: .mahdi.mollaie@shahroodtac.ir
10.48308/jlr.2025.237929.2820
چکیده
ایجاد رقابت برای بهبود کارایی بازار همواره مورد تایید اقتصاددانان و حقوقدانان بوده است. به همین دلیل به بررسی نحوه ارائه رقابت با توجه به شرایط هر بازار می‌پردازند. در سال‌های پس از جنگ جهانی دوم، دولت‌ها با این استدلال که مکانیسم بازار آزاد در تخصیص بهینه منابع و رفاه حداکثری کاستی‌هایی دارد، وارد اقتصاد شدند و بخش انرژی را در دست گرفتند. این امر در قالب یک اقتصاد بسته، گاه شکل انحصار طبیعی به خود گرفته است. نظر به موقعیت استراتژیک انرژیهای فسیلی، شایسته است عوامل مختل‌کننده رقابت در بازارهای مزبور شناسایی گردد؛ زیرا تدوین سیاست رقابتی مطلوب به منظور مقابله اساسی با رفتارهای ضدرقابتی و تصویب قواعد رقابت در حوزه انرژی، مستلزم کشف عوامل موثر بر ایجاد رفتارهای مذکور است. در اینجا سوالات مهمی مطرح می‌شود: مهمترین عوامل مختل کننده رقابت در انرژیهای فسیلی چیست؟ آیا امکان کاربست حقوق رقابت در تنظیم این حوزه وجود دارد؟در پژوهش حاضر، عوامل سیاسی، فنی و اقتصادیِ مختل کننده رقابت در حوزه انرژیهای فسیلی با روش هرمنوتیک و تحلیل مضمون شناسایی شده اند. با عنایت به ساختار رقابت انحصاری بازارهای مذکور، مبرهن می شود صرف استفاده از قواعد حقوق رقابت انرژی برای تنظیم بازار، نه ممکن و نه مطلوب است. در صورت انحراف بازار مذکور از عملکرد طبیعی، پیشنهاد می شود علاوه بر تدوین سیاستهای رقابتی مناسب، نهادی تنظیم گر با عنوان کمیته رقابت انرژی، به بخشِ رقابتِ قانونِ اجرای سیاستهای کلی اصل 44 قانون اساسی ملحق گردد.

تازه های تحقیق

*با عنایت به ساختار رقابت انحصاری انرژی‌های فسیلی و وجود جانشین‌های تجدیدپذیر برای آن‌، قدرت بازاری محدودی برای عرضه‌کنندگان انرژی‌های مذکور وجود دارد.
*فراز و فرودهای قیمتی، بخشی جدایی‌ناپذیر از مکانیسم طبیعی بازار است و هرگونه دخالت غیرضرور منجر به پیامدهای ناخواسته خواهد شد؛ لذا صرف کاربست حقوق رقابت در تنظیم بازار انرژی‌های فسیلی نه ممکن و نه مطلوب است.
*در مواردی که امکان تنظیم‌گری و ضمانت‌اجرا در قالب حقوق رقابت وجود دارد و در شرایطی که بازار از عملکرد طبیعی خود فاصله می‌گیرد، لازم است بخش رقابتِ قانون اجرای سیاست‌های کلی اصل 44 قانون اساسی را بازنگری نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها
اخلال در رقابت
بازار انرژی‌های فسیلی
بازارهای رقابتی
حقوق رقابت
رفتارهای ضدرقابتی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Feasibility Study of Application of Competition Law in Regulation of Fossil Energy Market Considering Factors that Disrupt Competition

نویسنده English

Mahdi Mollaei
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management & Industries, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran Corresponding Author Email: mahdi.mollaie@shahroodut.ac.ir
چکیده English

Introduction
Creating competition to improve market efficiency has always been approved by economists and lawyers. For this reason, they examine how to provide competition according to the conditions of each market. In the years after World War II, governments entered the economy and took control of the energy sector, arguing that the free market mechanism has shortcomings in the optimal allocation of resources and maximum welfare. This has sometimes taken the form of natural monopoly in the form of a closed economy. Considering the strategic position of fossil energies, it is appropriate to identify the factors disrupting competition in these markets; because formulating a desirable competition policy in order to fundamentally confront anti-competitive behaviors and enacting competition rules in the energy sector requires discovering the factors affecting the creation of the aforementioned behaviors. Important questions arise here: What are the most important factors disrupting competition in fossil energies? Is it possible to apply competition law in regulating this area?
Methods
In the present study, a combined method of hermeneutics, description, and content analysis was used to interpret the data. In this regard, the hermeneutics method was used to contextualize anticompetitive behavior, and the content analysis method and principles of energy economics were used to analyze the data. In energy economics, different dimensions of energy are considered, and based on that, the degree of balance and rules of competition are explained. Hermeneutics is a type of interpretive methodology that aims to systematize the interpretation of all meaningful actions and behaviors and the results of the aforementioned actions, especially when they appear in the form of text or speech. The aforementioned science deals with the process of understanding a phenomenon and examines how to receive meaning from various works such as speech and behavior. In Skinner's intentional hermeneutics, in order to analyze the thoughts of politicians and energy economists, reconstructing the contexts in order to discover the intentions of the aforementioned thinkers plays a fundamental role. Content analysis is a descriptive strategy for finding patterns within a qualitative data set. In thematic analysis, the researcher presents a map of the aforementioned themes by extracting components, structural codes, and key points and analyzing them, and by considering the general principles governing the work, while achieving frequent and meaningful patterns.
Results and Discussions
According to hermeneutic findings, political, technical, and economic factors specific to the fossil energy sector have disrupted competition. The subsets of the above factors and principles have been coded according to thematic analysis method. In this regard, five structural codes have been found for political factors, five structural codes for technical factors, and three structural codes for economic factors. A comparison of the political, technical, and economic factors disrupting competition in the fossil energy market indicates that: First, the degree of effectiveness of the aforementioned factors is not the same, and political factors have the greatest impact, and technical and economic factors are in the next ranks, because the energy sector is more tied to political issues and the logic governing it is more political-security in nature, and field observations and statistical data also confirm this. Secondly, the sphere of influence of the above factors is not the same. The sphere of political factors is generally international, but the sphere of technical factors is mainly national and related to the specific circumstances of each country. However, in some issues such as the environment, its international sphere is highlighted. The sphere of economic factors includes both the national economy and the international economy. Thirdly, the consequences of political, technical and economic factors are distinct from each other. Political factors generally have political consequences that lead to economic and social crises. Technical factors often have economic consequences and economic factors have both types of consequences and effects. Fourthly, in physical operations such as drilling and extraction, the concept of a competitive market is hardly conceivable and this problem is rooted in technical factors, but in legal operations such as energy contracts, anti-competitive behavior is more likely to result from political factors. Given the structure of monopolistic competition for fossil fuels and the existence of renewable substitutes for them, there is limited market power for suppliers of these energies, and naturally the market itself will have the appropriate power to guarantee exchanges without the need to apply competition laws. The continued activity of these markets despite the outbreak of war in various regions or the embargo on a country that has oil and gas resources indicates the resilience of this market in the world, which has been able to continue its existence despite all the factors disrupting competition and provide energy well in many countries of the world, and consumers have also adjusted their behavior in response to market equilibrium prices. Now, if it is said that the aforementioned equilibrium prices are not fair, a measure of fair price must first be provided. Price fluctuations are an integral part of the mechanism and natural nature of the market, and any unnecessary intervention in it, whether through competition laws or any other means, will lead to unwanted consequences that may have worse results. As a result, it is neither possible nor desirable to apply competition law to regulate the fossil energy market. However, in cases where regulation and enforcement are possible through competition law, and in situations where the market deviates from its normal functioning, it is necessary to review the competition section of the Law on the Implementation of General Policies, Article 44 of the Constitution.
Conclusion
Considering the factors that hinder competition in the energy sector, it is proposed that, while formulating appropriate competition policies in the aforementioned sector, a regulatory body called the “Energy Competition Committee” be added to Article 53 of the above law in the form of the following proposed note: “Note 2- In the energy sector, the Energy Competition Committee shall be formed with fifteen members, consisting of two judges elected by the head of the judiciary, three experts elected by the ministers of oil, energy and security, two experts elected by the Competition Council, five experts elected by the chambers of commerce and cooperatives, employers’ associations of the oil refining and petrochemical industries and the Iranian Oil Industry Federation, and three representatives from the Energy Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The duties of this committee are as follows: monitoring, supervising and identifying instances of anti-competitive practices in the energy sector and evaluating them, approving the guidelines for regulating prices, quantities and conditions of access to the energy market in abnormal market conditions, permitting the activities of Group Three of Article 2 to private, public, non-governmental and competent cooperative companies in the energy sector, and setting the principles of the guidelines for business licenses in the energy sector. "The above committee has all the powers stipulated in Articles 60 and 61 of this law, and the conditions of its members, secretariat, and the manner of managing meetings are the same as those of the Competition Council."

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Distortion of Competition
Fossil Energy Market
Competitive Markets
Competition Law
Anti-Competitive Behavior
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