حقوق تطبیقی در دادگاه: مطالعه پیوند قضایی در حقوق خصوصی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی/ دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشیار حقوق خصوصی/ دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تهران

10.52547/lawresearch.23.89.137

چکیده

فواید حقوق تطبیقی در جهان امروز دیگر محدود به قوه قانونگذار نمی باشد. دادرسان نیز، در مقام تفسیر قضایی از یافته های حقوق تطبیقی بهره می برند به گونه ای که گاه حقوق خارجی دلیل عمده صدور رای دادگاه در قضیه ای است که حقوق داخلی درباره آن نیازمند تفسیر است. استناد قاضی به حقوق خارجی در این معنا در مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی با عنوان "پیوند قضایی" بررسی می شود که موضوعی پیچیده و در شمار جدیدترین بحث های حقوقی روز دنیا است. در ادبیات حقوقی کشورمان بررسی این موضوع و ابعاد و شرایط آن فاقد سابقه است. در این مقاله، نگارندگان کوشیده اند تا با روشی تحلیلی، تطبیقی و با استفاده از مطالعات موردی، در حوزه حقوق خصوصی، به معرفی و بررسی پیوند قضایی در نظام های کامن لو، حقوق نوشته و نظام حقوقی کشورمان بپردازند. این مطالعه نشان می دهد، پیوند قضایی در خانواده کامن لو در مقایسه با حقوق نوشته فراوانی و وضوح بیشتری دارد. با این حال، در حقوق نوشته نیز در سالیان اخیر، تحولات مهمی به نفع ترویج پیوند قضایی به چشم می خورد. بررسی پیوند قضایی در نظام حقوقی کشورمان، نشان می دهد با در نظر گرفتن اصول قانون اساسی و قوانین ملی، استناد دادرس ایرانی به حقوق خارجی و پیوند احتمالی قواعد آن، راهکاری ممکن در تفسیر قضایی است. بدین سان، در ادامه این پژوهش، برخی مصادیق پیوند قضایی در نظام حقوقی کشورمان شناسایی و بررسی می گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative Law in Court: A Study of Judicial Transplants in Private Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hasna Haj Najafi 1
  • Amir Sadeghi Neshat 2
1 PhD Candidate/ Private Law/ University of Tehran
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

In the world today, benefits of comparative law are not limited to the legislature. While interpreting laws, judges also make use of comparative law. Recourse to foreign law, sometimes, constitutes the main reason for court's decision when a rule of domestic law is obscure and requires interpretation. Judicial reference to foreign law, in this sense, is studied under the title of "judicial transplants", which is a complex and recent topic in the field of comparative law. In the legal literature of Iran, studying judicial transplants, as well as their dimensions and conditions, is unprecedented. In this article, the authors try to introduce judicial transplants in the field of private law in common law, civil law and the legal system of Iran through an analytical, comparative and case study approach. This study shows that judicial transplants in common law (except in the case of the United States) are more frequent and vivid as compared to civil law. However, in recent years, there have also been significant developments in favor of judicial transplants in civil law countries. Study of judicial transplants in the legal system of Iran suggests that, considering the Constitution and national laws of the country, it is possible for Iranian judges, under special circumstances, to refer to foreign rules and possibly transplant them in conducting judicial interpretation. Thus, in the remainder of this study, some examples of judicial transplants in Iran are identified and investigated.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • comparative law
  • judicial interpretation
  • judicial transplant
  • legal transplant
  1. فایل کلیه منابع به انگلیسی

    References

    Books and Articles:

     

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    10. Cuniberti, Gilles, (2012), “Enhancing Judicial Reputation through Legal Transplants Estoppel Travels to France”, The American Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 60, pp. 383-400.
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    Jurisprudence

     

    Iranian Judgements: (in Persian)

    1. Binding Precedent of the Supreme Court, no. 12, on: (1962/10/3) , online at: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/101593
    2. Binding Precedent of the Supreme Court, no. 42, on: (1972/10/24), online at: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/101615.
    3. Binding Precedent of the Supreme Court, no. 62, on: (1973/1/31), online at: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/101627 .
    4. Binding Precedent of the Supreme Court, no. 224, on: (1970/9/30), online at: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/101624
    5. Judgement no. (9109970001001256), on: (2013/1/16), Issued by (Branch 50 of Tehran Provincial Court of Appeal). 
    6. Judgement no. (9209970223500024), on: (2013/4/13), Issued by (Branch 35 of Tehran Provincial Court of Appeal). 
    7. Judgement no.  (9309970223300886), on: (2014/9/27), Issued by (Branch 33of Tehran Provincial Court of Appeal). 
    8. Judgement no. (9309970224401163), on: (2014/11/30), Issued by (Branch 44 of Tehran Provincial Court of Appeal). 
    9. Judgement no. (9209970220101717), on: (2014/3/3), Issued by (Branch 1 of Tehran Provincial Court of Appeal), online at: http://j.ijri.ir/SubSystems/Jpri2/Showjudgement.aspx?id=UlhET0Z2aTJFdEk9
    10. Judgement no. (9209970270400496), on: (2013/8/19), Issued by (Branch 59 of Tehran Provincial Court of Appeal), online at: http://j.ijri.ir/SubSystems/Jpri2/Showjudgement.aspx?id=K0RrYk9zV3F6Z009

     

    Foreign Judgements:

    1. TF (The Swiss Federal Court) 28.11.2006, ATF 133 III 257 (parrots case).
    2. Golshani v. Gouvernement de la Re´publique islamique d’Iran, Cass. Civ 1, July 6, 2005.
    3. Express Newspapers plc v News (UK) Ltd [1990] 3 All ER 376 (Ch).
    4. Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002] UKHL 22.
    1. Perruche JCP 13 Dec 2000, no 50, pp 2293 ff.