ابعاد و چالش‌های حقوق بشری مقابله با کووید 19

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشگاه بهشتی

10.29252/jlr.2022.226840.2178

چکیده

مقابله با شیوع کووید 19، مستلزم اتخاذ تدابیر و تصمیماتی است که در عین حمایت از سلامت فردی و عمومی ممکن است با تحدید حقوق بشر ملازمه پیدا کند. دولت‌های زیادی برای مقابله با این بیماری وضعیت اضطراری اعلام کرده‌اند یا بدون اعلام رسمی چنین وضعیتی، عملاً چنین وضعیتی را حاکم ساخته و به تحدید حقوق و آزادی‌های عمومی پرداخته‌اند.

در این میان، نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر که دغدغۀ حمایت از حقوق افراد را حتی در وضعیت‌های اضطراری دارد، دولت‌ها را ملزم به رعایت اصول و قواعدی می‌کند که بتوانند میان حفاظت از سلامت‌عمومی و رعایت تعهدات حقوق بشری خود تعادل معقولی را برقرار کرده، هر دو هدف را تأمین کنند.

بر این اساس، پرسش مطرح در این مقاله آن است که دولت‌ها در فرایند مقابله با کووید 19 با چه مسائل و چالش‌های حقوق بشری مواجه‌اند و چه راهکارهایی برای حل و رفع آنها وجود دارد؟ با مراجعه به موازین بین‌المللی حقوق بشر و انطباق اقدامات دولت‌ها و شواهد موجود با آنها می‌توان گفت که چالش عمده آن است که بیشتر دولت‌ها سیاست انتخاب «این یا آن» را دنبال کرده‌ و عمدتاً حفاظت از سلامت عمومی را بر رعایت حقوق بشر برتری داده‌اند؛ در حالی‌که، از منظر حقوق بشری باید سیاست «هم این و هم آن» را دنبال می‌کردند.

نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر با زبان حق – محور خود چارچوب خاصی را برای مبارزه با کووید 19 تجویز می‌کند. در این چارچوب، سیاست «مقابله با کرونا به هر بها» جای خود را به سیاست «مقابله با کرونا با رعایت

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Human Rights Dimensions and Challenges of Covid 19

نویسنده [English]

  • bagher ansari
دانشگاه بهشتی
چکیده [English]

Dealing with the outbreak of Covid-19 requires measures and decisions
that, while protecting individual and public health, may involve restrictions
on human rights. Many governments have declared a state of emergency to
combat the disease or, without formally declaring such a situation, have
factually imposed such a situation and restricted individual rights and
freedoms. In the meantime, the international human rights system, which
protects individual’s rights, even in the emergencies, requires governments
to adhere to principles and rules that can strike a reasonable balance between
protecting public health and meeting their human rights obligations.
Accordingly, the question in this article is that what human rights issues and
challenges do the governments face in the process of dealing with Covid-19
and what the solutions are to address them. Referring to international human
rights standards and by reference to the actions of governments, it can be
said that the main challenge is that most governments have pursued a policy
of "this or that" and mainly prioritize the protection of public health over
human rights; Whereas, from a human rights perspective, they should have
pursued a policy of "both this and that."The international human rights
system, in its right-based language, prescribes a specific framework for
combating Covid-19. In this context, the policy of "countering the Covid 19
at all costs" gives way to the policy of "countering the Covid-19 with respect
to fundamental values." Human rights norms prevent the formation of
discriminatory, instrumental, expedient and hierarchical views in the process
of combating the disease. It obliges governments to mobilize all their
national resources to combat this virus, to make resort to international
resources, and to enforce any restrictions on human rights in accordance
with the principles of legality, necessity and proportionality. Accordingly,
although all human rights are affected by the policies and responses
associated with Covid-19, it seems, some rights, such as freedom of
expression and non-discrimination, play a key role in the normality and
effectiveness of these policies and responses and hence, should not be
restricted unless strictly necessary (human rights governing measures against
Covid-19) and some human rights, such as privacy and freedom of
movement, must inevitably be restricted (human rights affected by Covid-
19). To this end, in this article, first the various dimensions of the right to
health in the international human rights system and the principles of
limitation of human rights for ensuring public health are explained and then,
the corresponding challenges related to the impact of human rights in
responses to Covid-19 are analyzed respectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • public Health
  • Covid 19
  • Human Rights
  • Freedom of Expression and Information
  • Non-Discrimination
 کتاب
.1انصاری، باقر، حق دسترسی به اطلاعات، دفتر مطالعات و تحقیقات رسانهها، .1397
.2انصاری، باقر،
حقوق حریم خصوصی، سمت، چاپ سوم، .1391
.3کریون، متیو سی.آر.،
چشماندازی به توسعه میثاق بینالمللی حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و
فرهنگی،
ترجمه محمد حبیبی مجنده، قم، سازمان انتشارات دانشگاه مفید، چاپ اول، .1387
مقاله
.4انصاری، باقر، مبانی حقوق همبستگی، فصلنامه حقوقی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تهران، زمستان .1390
.5انصاری، باقر،
نقدهای مطرح علیه حقوقهمبستگی و پاسخ به آنها، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی
دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تابستان .1391
ب( منابع انگلیسی
Internet Sources
6. Actions to Support Media, Enhance Access to Information, and Leverage Digital
Technologies in the Fight Against the Pandemic,
https://en.unesco.org/covid19/communicationinformationresponse/mediasupport.
7. Addressing Human Rights as Key to the COVID-19 Response,
https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1275275/retrieve.
8. Amnesty International, Responses to COVID-19 and states' human rights obligations:
Preliminary observations, 16 March 2020,
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL3019672020ENGLISH.PDF.
9. ARTICLE 19, Ensuring the Public’s Right to Know in the COVID-19 Pandemic,
May 2020, https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Ensuring-thePublics-Right-to-Know-in-the-Covid-19-Pandemic_Final-13.05.20.pdf.
10.CCPR, General comment No. 34 Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression,,
paras. 7&18. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf.
11.CESCR General Comment No 14: The right to the highest attainable standard of
health, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/Health/GC14.pdf.

فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی- ویژهنامه حقوق و کرونا ش 2ابعاد و چالشهای حقوق بشری مقابله با کووید- 19
87
12.Coronavirus (COVID-19): les rappels de la CNIL sur la collecte de données
personnelles par les employeurs, 07 mai 2020, https://www.cnil.fr/fr/coronaviruscovid-19-les-rappels-de-la-cnil-sur-la-collecte-de-donnees-personnelles
.
13.Coronavirus: No do-it-yourself (DIY) data collection, says the Italian DPA,
https://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docwebdisplay/docweb/9282117.
14.Council of Europe, Health related issues in the case-law of the ECHR, June 2015,
https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Research_report_health.pdf.
15.COVID-19 and Human Rights Treaty Bodies,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/Pages/COVID-19-and-TreatyBodies.aspx.
16.COVID-19 and its human rights dimensions,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/COVID-19.aspx.
17.COVID-19 and Special Procedures,
18.https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/COVID-19-and-SpecialProcedures.aspx.
19.COVID-19 Resources Library,
https://globalprivacyassembly.org/covid19/covid19-resources/.
20.COVID-19 Symposium: Article 2 ECHR’s Positive Obligations–How Can Human
Rights Law Inform the Protection of Health Care Personnel and Vulnerable Patients
in the COVID-19 Pandemic?, http://opiniojuris.org/2020/04/01/covid-19-
symposium-article-2-echrs-positive-obligations-how-can-human-rights-law-informthe-protection-of-health-care-personnel-and-vulnerable-patients-in-the-covid-19-
pandemic/.
21.COVID-19: Governments must promote and protect access to and free flow of
information during pandemic – International experts,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25729&
LangID=Eccess.
22.De Schutter, Olivier,
International Human Rights Law, Cases, Materials,
Commentary
, Cambridge University Press, 2010,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-human-rights-law/ 627D39
E237EC5D3D9FDC5F147B52B91F.
23.Emergency Measures and COVID-19: Guidance,
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Events/EmergencyMeasures_COVID19.pdf.
24.Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation, 2017
(No. 205),
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_I
LO_CODE:R205https.
25.Fact Sheet - Providing access to health information - guidance for health care
providers November 2019, https://www.ipc.nsw.gov.au/fact-sheet-providing-accesshealth-information-guidance-health-care-providers-november-2019.

فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی- ویژهنامه حقوق و کرونا ش 2ابعاد و چالشهای حقوق بشری مقابله با کووید-19
88
26.Freedom of Expression and Information in times of crisis,
https://www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/freedom-of-expression-andinformation-in-times-of-crisis.
27.Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Fact Sheet
No. 33, pp.7-10,
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ESCR/FAQ%20on%20ESCR-en.pdf.
28.General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, https://documents-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G00/439/34/PDF/G0043934.pdf?OpenElement.
29.Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29, States of Emergency (article
4) 24 July 2001,
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en
&TreatyID=8&DocTypeID=11.
30.Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 34, para. 5.
https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf
.
31.Human Rights Council discusses human rights implications of the COVID-19 crisis
with its special procedures mandate holders,
https://reliefweb.int/report/world/human-rights-council-discusses-human-rightsimplications-covid-19-crisis-its-special.
32.Human Rights Wach,Human Rights Dimensions of COVID-19 Response,
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/19/human-rights-dimensions-covid-19-
response#_Toc35446580.
33.ICESCR Committee, General comment No. 20
: Non-discrimination in economic,
(art. 2, para. 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights), July 2009,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CESCR/pages/cescrindex.aspx.
34.ILO Standards and COVID-19(coronavirus), FAQ, Key provisions of international
labour standards relevant to the evolving COVID19 outbreak,
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---
normes/documents/genericdocument/wcms_739937.pdf.
35.Joint Statement on the right to data protection in the context of the COVID-19
pandemic by Alessandra Pierucci, Chair of the Committee of Convention 108 and
Jean-Philippe Walter, Data Protection Commissioner of the Council of Europe
Strasbourg, 30 March 2020, https://rm.coe.int/covid19-joint-statement/16809e09f4.
36.Kaye, David, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of
37.Kitchin, Rob (2020):
Civil liberties or public health, or civil liberties and public
health? Using surveillance technologies to tackle the spread of COVID-19
,
Space and Polity,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13562576.2020.1770587
.
فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی- ویژهنامه حقوق و کرونا ش 2ابعاد و چالشهای حقوق بشری مقابله با کووید- 19
89
38.Mental health & COVID-19, https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-andsubstance-use/covid-19.
39.OHCHR online data base of treaty body case law,https://juris.ohchr.org/search.
40.OHCHR
,The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights; An
Interpretative Guide, Geneva, 2011.
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/publications/hr.puB.12.2_en.pdf.
41.OHCHR,The Right to Health,
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Factsheet31.pdf.
42.Preliminary study on enhancement of international cooperation, prepared by Obiora
Chinedu Okafor, on behalf of the drafting group on the enhancement of international
cooperation in the field of human rights of the Advisory Committee of the Human
Rights Council,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/AdvisoryCommittee/Session12/Pages/In
dex.aspx.
43.Privacy Laws, Duty to Warn and Communication Considerations Concerning
COVID-19,
https://www.csglaw.com/privacy-laws-duty-to-warn-and-communicationconsiderations-concerning-covid19.
44.Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April
2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal
data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC
(General Data Protection Regulation), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj.
45.Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the
highest attainable standard of physical and mental health,
https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/health/pages/srrighthealthindex.aspx.
46.Responses to COVID-19 and states' human rights obligations: Preliminary
observations,
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL3019672020ENGLISH.PDF.
47.Rights in the time of COVID-19 — Lessons from HIV for an effective, communityled response, P.7.
48.Rizki, Rudi Muhammad, Report of the independent expert on human rights and
international solidarity, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/
105/45/PDF/G0610545.pdf?OpenElement.
49.Singapore considers wearable trackers after app failures 5 Jun 2020,
https://privacyinternational.org/examples/3930/singapore-considers-wearabletrackers-after-app-failures.
50.Statement on restrictions on data subject rights in connection to the state of
emergency1 in Member States Adopted on 2 June 2020,
https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/edpb/files/files/file1/edpb_statement_art_23gdpr_202006
02_en.pdf.

فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی- ویژهنامه حقوق و کرونا ش 2ابعاد و چالشهای حقوق بشری مقابله با کووید-19
90
51.Statement on the data protection impact of the interoperability of contact tracing apps
Adopted on 16 June 2020,
https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/edpb/files/files/file1/edpb_statementinteroperabilityconta
cttracingapps_en_0.pdf.
52.The Council of Europe Guidelines on protecting freedom of expression and
information in times of crisis, Sec. VI. Responsibilities of media professionals,
https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805ae60e.
53.The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights and the rule of law - Our
action, https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/covid19
.
54.the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Disease pandemics and the freedom
of opinion and expression, A/HRC/44/49, 23 April 2020, https://rm.coe.int/-diseasepandemics-and-the-freedom-of-opinion-and-expression/16809e41e9.
55.The Use of Information on Social Media for Tracking Potential Carriers of COVID-
19, https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/media/media_statements/press_20200226.html.
56.Tracking the Global Response to COVID-19,
57.https://privacyinternational.org/examples/tracking-global-response-covid-19.
58.Travel and transportation during the coronavirus pandemic,
https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirus-response/travel-andtransportation-during-coronavirus-pandemic_en.
59.UNAIDS 2020, Rights in the time of COVID-19 — Lessons from HIV for an
effective, community-led response,
https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/human-rights-and-covid-
19_en.pdf.
60.UNESCO welcomes press councils’ call for responsible reporting on COVID-19 in
South East Europe, https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-welcomes-press-councils-callprofessional-reporting-covid-19-south-east-europe
.
61.UNESCO, COVID-19-related discrimination and stigma: a global phenomenon?
https://en.unesco.org/news/covid-19-related-discrimination-and-stigma-globalphenomenon.
62.Van Kolfschooten, Hannah van Kolfschooten & Anniek de Ruijter (2020) COVID-
19 and privacy in the European Union: A legal perspective on contact tracing,
Contemporary Security Policy, 2020, VOL. 41, NO. 3,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2020.1771509.
63.WHO, Addressing Human Rights as Key to the COVID-19 Response,
file:///C:/Users/ansar/Dropbox/My%20PC%20(DESKTOPHMA20PV)/Downloads/WHO-2019-nCoV-SRH-Rights-2020.1-eng%20(5).pdf.
64.WHO, Updated WHO recommendations for international traffic in relation to
COVID-19 outbreak, 29 February 2020,
www.who.int/ith/2019-nCoV_ advice_ for_ international_traffic-rev/en/

فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی- ویژهنامه حقوق و کرونا ش 2ابعاد و چالشهای حقوق بشری مقابله با کووید- 19
91
65.World Health Organization Director-General’s statement on media reporting on
COVID-19, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/director-general-s-remarks-atthe-media-briefing-on-2019-novel-coronavirus---8-february-2020.
66.World Health Organization,
Advancing the right to health: The vital role of law,
World Health Organization, 2017, https://www.hhri.org/publication/advancing-theright-to-health-the-vital-role-of-law/.
67.Zastrow, Mark, South Korea is reporting intimate details of COVID-19 cases: has it
helped? https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00740-y