وضعیت حقوقی آوارگان داخلی در حقوق بین الملل

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین الملل از دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج

10.48308/jlr.2023.185141.1674

چکیده

از جمله چالش‌های عصر معاصر، جمعیت انبوه آوارگان داخلی است که به عللی همچون مخاصمات مسلحانه، خشونت‌های گسترش‌یافته، نقض‌های حقوق بشر، بلایای طبیعی و انسانی و یا اجرایی شدن برنامه‌های زیرساختاری و توسعه‌ای، به ناچار از خانه و کاشانه خود آواره گشته و به دنبال سرپناهی امن در داخل سرزمین خود بر آمده‌اند. در حالی که عبور پناهندگان از مرزهای بین‌المللی، آنها را از وضعیت حقوقی ویژه‌ای در حقوق بین‌الملل بهره‌مند می‌نماید، باقی ماندن آوارگان داخلی در مرزهای داخلی، برخورداری آنان را از وضعیت حقوقی مشابه با پناهندگان با تردید مواجه می‌سازد. مقاله حاضر با مداقه در جایگاه حقوقی آوارگان داخلی در حقوق بین‌الملل به دنبال پاسخگویی به این پرسش است که این گروه از چه وضعیتی در نظام حقوق بین‌الملل برخوردارند. بررسی رویکردهای مختلف در این زمینه و واکاوی تعریف این گروه در پرتو اصول راهنمای آوارگی داخلی سازمان ملل، نشان می‌دهد که در حال حاضر آنها از یک وضعیت حقوقی خاص در حقوق بین‌الملل برخوردار نبوده و افزایش تعداد آنها گواهی بر خلاء‌ها و چالش‌های حمایتی عمده‌ای است که باید در جهت رفع آن برآمد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal status of Internally Displaced Persons in international law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Arghavan Ghobadi Langroudi 1
  • Fatemeh Keyhanlou 2
1 (Master of International Law, Shahid Beheshti University
2 (Assistant Professor of law, Islamic Azad university, Karaj Branch)
چکیده [English]

One of the challenges of the 21st century is the massive flow of Internally Displaced Persons who have been forced to flee their homes as a result of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, natural or human-made disasters, or execution of development and infrastructure projects and seek safe shelters within the borders of their country. Unlike refugees who cross international borders and benefit from a special legal status under international law, IDPs remain within the borders of their home country thus granting them a legal status analogous to refugees face with uncertainty. This article seeks to examine the legal status of IDPs under international law and find out if they benefit from a distinct legal status or not. By investigating different approaches and examining the definition of IDPs in the light of the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, it is concluded that this group does not enjoy a special legal status in international law. The increased number of IDPs proves that there are still some major gaps and challenges that need to be overcome.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Internally Displaced Persons
  • Refugees
  • Armed conflicts
  • UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement

مراجع

  1. Books

    • C. The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons, Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law, Cambridge University Press. 2005.
    • Bayefsky, A. Human Rights and Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Migrant Workers :Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

    Articles

    • Basova, I. “Internally Displaced Persons and Their Legal Status: The Ukrainian Context”, Juridica International, 2017.
    • Black, R and Collyer, M, ‘Populations “trapped” at times of crisis’, Forced Migration Review,
    • Cantor, DJ. “The IDP in international law? Developments, debates, prospects”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 2018.
    • Cohen, R. “Developing an International System for Internally Displaced Persons”, International Studies Perspectives, 7, 2006.
    • Cohen, R. “The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: an innovation in international standard setting, ”Global Governance 10,2004.
    • “Internally Displaced Persons: The Mandate and Role of the International Committee of the Red Cross”, International Review of the Red Cross, 2000.
    1. Kälin, W. “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations”, American Society of International Law and the Brookings Institution Project on Internal Displacement, 2008.
    2. Kälin, W. “The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement as International Minimum Standard and Protection Tool”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 3, 2005.
    3. Lavoyer, J. “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: A Few Comments on the Contribution of IHL,” International Review of the Red Cross, 324, 1998.
    4. Magaji, T., Ahmad, M., & Apandi, L.S.B, “Assessing the Legal Frameworks for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons in the North-Eastern Nigeria”, Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 2018.
    5. Stavropoulou, M, “The right not to be displaced”, American University Journal of International Law and Policy, 9, 1994.
    6. “Internal Conflict and Displacement,” in The State of the World’s Refugees: a Humanitarian Agenda, 1997.

    Thesis

    1. Michele. “The Right not to be Displaced in International Law”, PhD diss, Ghent University, 2013.

    Instruments

    1. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.
    2. ECOSOC, Analytical report of the Secretary-General on internally displaced persons, E/CN.4/1992/23/
    3. ECOSOC, Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Francis Deng submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/57, Compilation and analysis of legal norms, E/CN. 4/1996/52/Add.2.
    4. ECOSOC, Report on Refugees, Displaced Persons and Returnees, prepared by Mr. Cuénod, E/1991/109/Add.1.
    5. ECOSOC, Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian assistance of the UN, A/53/139-E/1998/67/
    6. GA resolution 60/1, World Summit Outcome, A/RES/60/1 (2005).
    7. Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2.
    8. Law of Georgia on Internally Displaced Persons - Persecuted from the Occupied Territories of Georgia, No. 1982-Iis, 2014.
    9. Law of Ukraine on Ensuring Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons, No. 1706-VII, 2014.

    Websites

    1. Global Protection Cluster, Handbook for the Protection of IDPS June 2010, available at: refworld.org/docid/4790cbc02.html (last visited on 06/09/2020).
    2. IDMC, Global Report on Internal Displacement - 2020, April 2020, available at: internal-displacement.org/publications/2020-global-report-on-internal-displacement (last visited on 06/03/2020).
    3. Kälin, W, The Legal Dimension, Forced Migration Review,17 (2003): available at:fmreview.org/when-does-internal-displacement-end/kalin (last visited on 06/03/2020).
    4. Kuo, Yung-hua, Implementing International Laws for Internally Displaced Persons in Situation of Natural Disasters, Disasterlaw. ifrc. org, available at:

    https://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/125745/Implementing%20International%20Laws%20for%20Internally%20Displaced%20Persons%20in%20Situation%20of%20Natural%20Disasters.pdf (last visited on 25/03/2021).

    1. M Kingsley-Nyinah, What may be borrowed; what is new, Forced Migration Review, 4 (1999), available at:

    www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/security-at-work/debate.pdf )last visited on 06/09/2020(.

    1. Norwegian Refugee Council/IDMC, National Instruments on Internal Displacement: A Guide to their Development, (2013) available at:

         www.refworld.org/docid/5242d02d4.html )last visited on 03/22/2020(.

    1. UNHCR, Policy on UNHCR's Engagement in Situations of Internal Displacement, 18 Sep 2019, available at:

         www.refworld.org/docid/5d83364a4.html )last visited on 06/22/2020(.

    1. Zeender, G, Narrowing Criteria Cannot Solve IDP Problems, Forced Migration Review, 17 (2003), available at:www.fmreview.org/when-does-internal-displacement-end )last visited on 06/03/2020(.

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 06 مرداد 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 23 دی 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 22 اسفند 1401

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