ماهیت و موضوعات حقوقی کلیدی موافقت‌نامه پاریس در خصوص تغییرات اقلیمی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 استادیار گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 دانش آموخته حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

تمایز قائل شدن میان قالب حقوقی و ساختار موافقت‌نامه پاریس در کل و محتوای خاصّ مقررات و عناصر فردی این سند حائز اهمیت است موافقت‌نامه پاریس طبق تعریف کنوانسیون وین در خصوص حقوق معاهدات یک معاهده است، اما همه مقررات این موافقت‌نامه تعهد حقوقی ایجاد نمی‌کند. موافقت‌نامه با پذیرش یک ساختار دوگانه، آمیزه‌ای از مقررات الزام‌آور و غیرالزام‌آور را در خود جای داده است. این موافقت‌نامه دربردارنده مجموعه‌ای از تعهدات سخت، نرم و موارد غیرتعهدآور است که مرز میان آن‌ها نامشخص است اما هریک از آن‌ها نقش متمایز و ارزشمندی را ایفا می‌کنند. این مقاله با روش دگماتیسم و به صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی، قالب حقوقی، قلمرو اجرایی و ساختار دوگانه بالا به پایین و پایین به بالا موافقت‌نامه پاریس را مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد و شاخصه‌های تعیین میزان الزام‌آوری مفاد اصلی موافقت‌نامه پاریس را شناسایی می‌نماید و آن‌ها را با تفکیک طیفی از تعهدات سخت، نرم و غیرتعهدآور که بیشترین تطابق را با آنها دارند ارائه می‌نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Nature and Key Legal Issues of Paris Agreement on Climate Change

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azam Amini 1
  • Hojjat Mianabadi 2
  • Ehsan Daryadel 3
1 Assistant Professor of Public International Law Department of Law Faculty of law and political Science Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Assistant professor, Water Engineering Departments, Tarbiat Modares University
3 MA of International Law, Shiraz University
چکیده [English]

Distinguishing between legal form and structure of the Paris Agreement, in general, and specific content of its provisions and individual elements is of great improtance.This agreement is a treaty within the meaning of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, although not all provisions in it produce legally binding obligation. Paris Agreement has included a compound of legally and non-legally binding provisions while having a twofold structure (button-up and top-down).This agreement contains a mix of hard, soft, and non-obligations, the boundaries between which are blurred, but each of which plays a distinct and valuable role. This article has discussed legal form, scope and button-up, top-down structure of Paris Agreement using a dogmatic-descriptive approach, identifies legal character of provisions in the Paris Agreement, and then proceeds to tabulate the core provisions of the Paris Agreement across a spectrum from those that conform most closely to hard obligations to those that are best characterized as ‘non-obligations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Paris Agreement"
  • "Climate Change"
  • "Legal Form"
  • "Hard Obligations"
  • "Soft Obligations"
منابع
Abbott K and Snidal D (2000) Hard and Soft Law in International Governance. 54 Intl Org 423-426
Bodansky D (2016) the legal character of the Paris Agreement. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 25.2
Bodansky D (2016) The Paris climate change agreement: a new hope. American Journal of International Law 110.2
Bodansky D, Brunnée J and Rajamani L (2017) International climate change law. Oxford University Press
Brunnée J (2002) Coping with consent: law-making under multilateral environmental agreements. Leiden Journal of International Law 15.1: 1-52.
Decision 1/CP.1, ‘The Berlin Mandate: Review of the adequacy of Article 4, paragraph 2(a) and (b), of the Convention, including proposals related to a protocol and decisions on follow-up’ (6 June 1995) FCCC/CP/1995/7/Add.1
Decision 1/CP.17, ‘Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action’ (11 December 2011) FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1, 2 (Durban Platform)
Decision 1/CP.17, Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1, 15 March 2012).
Decision 1/CP.19, ‘Further Advancing the Durban Platform’ (31 January 2014) FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1, para 2(b).
Decision 1/CP.21, ‘Adoption of the Paris Agreement’ (29 January 2016) FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1
Falk R (2016) Voluntary International Law and the Paris Agreement (16 January 2016). Found at: <https://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2016/01/16/voluntary-international-law-and-the-paris-agreement/>.
FCCC, ‘Aggregate Effect of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions: An Update’ (2 May 2016) FCCC/CP/2016/2
Gardiner R K (2015) Treaty interpretation. Oxford University Press, USA
Handl G F, (1988) A hard look at soft law. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). The American Society of International Law
Hare W, Stockwell C, Flachsland C and Oberthür S (2010) the architecture of the global climate regime: a top-down perspective. Climate policy 10.6 (2010): 600-614
Rajamani L (2016) Ambition and differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interpretative possibilities and underlying politics. International & Comparative Law Quarterly 65.2 (2016): 493-514
Rajamani L (2016) the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interplay between Hard, Soft and Non-Obligations. Journal of Environmental Law 28.2: 337-358
Ralph B., Lena D. and Matthias D., 'the Paris Agreement: Analysis, Assessment and Outlook' (2016), 10 Carbon & Climate Law Review 18.
Rayner S (2011) How to eat an elephant: a bottom-up approach to climate policy. Climate Policy 10.6: 615-621
Shelton D (2000) ‘Introduction’ in Dinah Shelton (ed). Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System (OUP 2000): 8-13
Shelton D (2003) ed. Commitment and compliance: The role of non-binding norms in the international legal system. Oxford University Press on Demand
Slaughter, A. M (2015) The Paris approach to global governance. Project Syndicate 28
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Secretariat. United Nations framework convention on climate change. UNFCCC, 1992.
United Nations Office of Legal Affairs Treaty Section, “Definition of Key Terms in the UN Treaty Collection,” https://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview. aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml.
Van Asselt H (2016) International climate change law in a bottom-up world. http://www.qil-qdi.org/international-climate-changelaw-bottom-world/> accessed 24 April 2016
Vidal J (2015) How a ‘Typo’ Nearly Derailed the Paris Climate Deal. The Guardian (London, 16 December 2015) <http://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2015/dec/16/how-a-typo-nearly-derailed-theparis-climate-deal> accessed 24 April 2016
Vienna Convention on the Law of Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 8 ILM 679 (Vienna Convention)
Werksman J (2010) Legal symmetry and legal differentiation under a future deal on climate. Climate Policy 10.6: 672-677
Wewerinke-Singh M and Doebler C (2016) the Paris Agreement: Some Critical Reflections on Process and Substance. UNSW Law Journal 39(4): p.1487
Winkler H and Beaumont J (2010) Fair and effective multilateralism in the post-Copenhagen climate negotiations. Climate Policy 10.6: 638-654