جبران خسارت سوانح هوایی در حقوق بین الملل با تأکید بر سانحه هوایی پرواز 752 اوکراینی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشگاه هوافضا، وزارت علوم ،تحقیقات و فناوری

2 دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

10.29252/jlr.2021.220599.1841

چکیده

علی الاصول جبران خسارت در حقوق بین الملل فرع بر احراز مسئولیت است. اما در سوانح هوایی رویه کشورها نشان می دهد که موضوع جبران خسارت از چنان اهمیتی برخوردار است که کشورها پیش یا در حین مراجعه به دیوان بین المللی دادگستری به عنوان نهاد ذی صلاح تلاش می کنند اختلاف خود را از طریق مذاکره و تعیین مبلغی جهت جبران حل و فصل نمایند. به این ترتیب، تا کنون هیچ رویه قضایی بین المللی منتج به صدور رأی در خصوص سوانح هوایی وجود ندارد و عموم موارد منجر به پرداخت از روی لطف گردیده اند. تا زمان تصویب ماده 3 مکرر کنوانسیون شیکاگو، در موارد مشابه سوانح هوایی اوکراین فقدان عمل متخلفانه بین المللی به عنوان یک مانع جدی صلاحیتی موجب عدم پذیرش دعاوی مطروحه نزد دیوان بود. پس از تصویب شق یک ماده 3 مکرر که کشورها را ملزم به عدم استفاده از زور و حفاظت از ایمنی و امنیت هواپیما و مسافران می نمود این مشکل از پیش پای کشورها برداشته شد. اما حتی با وجود این، در سوانح بعد از تصویب این ماده نیز رویه کشورها پذیرش پرداخت از روی لطف بوده است. در این روش دولت ساقط کننده پرداخت مبلغی مشخص را به زیان دیدگان بدون پذیرش مسئولیت تقبل می‌نماید. در خصوص سانحه پرواز 752 اوکراینی در ایران به نظر می رسد پرداخت از روی لطف می تواند راهکاری عملی و البته سریع تر برای حل و فصل اختلافات میان ایران و کشورهای ذینفع در این زمینه باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Reparation of Aerial accidents under International Law with Emphasize On 752 Ukrainian Flight

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid Kazemi 1
  • naser asiabipourimani 2
1 Assistant Professor, Aerospace Research Institute
2 Phd student, Shahid Beheshti University
چکیده [English]

Essentially, according to the law of States responsibility reparation is the consequence of the responsibility. Nonetheless in aerial incidents States practice demonstrates that reparation is of importance which States before or during the institution of proceedings in ICJ as the competent authority, in this case, prefer to settle their dispute through negotiation and determining a sum as reparation. Thus, so far there is no international judicial precedent leading to any judgment regarding the aerial incident and most of the cases resulted in ex gratia payment by the responsible State. Until the adoption of article 3 bis if Chicago Convention, in cases similar to Ukrainian flight, lack of any definition of the wrongful act was a serious barrier for admission of claims before the ICJ. After the adoption of this Article States obligated to refrain from use of force against civil aircraft and respect the safety and security of persons on board which it resolved the problem. But even in cases after that date, the practice of States tended to acceptance of ex gratia payments. In this method the State pays a determined sum without accepting its international responsibility. In regard to flight 752 seems that ex gratia payment can be a practical and faster way for settlement of the dispute between Iran and other countries.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Reparation
  • compensation
  • satisfaction
  • ex gratia payment
  • 752 flight
  1. فهرست منابع و مآخذ

    الف- کتب فارسی

    • کاظمی، حمید ، حقوق بین الملل عمومی هوایی، تهران: سمت، 1395

     

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    2. Sip, David., “Respect in the context of the Iran nuclear deal”, Research Master thesis, Leiden University, 2018

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